| A | B |
|---|
| Absolute Monarchy | ruler with complete authority over government and citizens |
| "Divine Right" | Belief God gave them power to be king or queen |
| Palace of Versailles | Elaborate, fancy palace built by King Louis XIV |
| English Bill of Rights | limited King's power, Parliament gained superiority, King could not jail citizens |
| Glorious Revolution | Bloodless overthrow of England's King James II; replaced by William & Mary |
| Constitutional Monarchy | a system of governing in which ruler's power is limited by law |
| Enlightened Despot | Monarch that believed in enlightenment ideas--rule justly (ex. Catherine the Great) |
| Despot | another name for a monarch |
| Westernization of Russia | forcing western ideas, education, clothes on citizens of Russia |
| St. Petersburg | Peter the Great's city created to make trade and travel easier w/ West |
| Enlightenment | European movement where thinkers applied principles of reason and scientific method to society |
| Natural Rights | rights that belong to all people |
| Purpose of Government | to protect natural rights according to John Locke |
| Separation of Powers | each branch of government keeps others from getting too powerful according to Montesquieu |
| 1st estate | 5% of population=Catholic clergy that owned 10% of land |
| 2nd estate | 1.5% of population=Rich Nobles that owned 20% of land |
| 3rd estate | 98% of population=French citizens who own 70% of land |
| Estates General | assembly of representatives from all 3 estates or social classes in France |
| National Assembly | established by represtentatives of 3rd estate to enact laws & reforms for French |
| March of Versailles | King and Queen escorted women back to Paris who accused Marie Antoinette of being immoral |
| Storming of Bastille | More than 800 Parisians stormed this place after hearing foreign troops were coming to massacre French citizens |
| Bourgeoisie | middle class of 3rd estate (bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals) |
| Jacobins | radical political organization involved in governmental changes in France |
| San-Culottes | radical group of Parisian working-class & small shopkeepers who wanted more voice in government, lower prices, end food shortages |
| Reign of Terror | Mass executions of 40,000 people ordered by Robespierre |
| Committee on Public Safety | Lead by Robespierre to protect Revolution from its "enemies" using unfair trials and executions |
| The Directory | 5-man council that took over after Reign of Terror--Napoleon ran them off |
| Napoleonic Code | Napoleon's code of laws changing property ownership, education, etc. |
| Napoleon's invasion of Russia | when army starved and froze to death trying to attack Russia |
| Congress of Vienna | series of meetings where European leaders sought long lasting peace and security after defeating Napoleon |
| Legitimacy | heredity right of a monarch rule |
| Balance of Power | distribution of power that prevented any one nation from dominating Europe |
| Concert of Europe | ensured nations would help each other if revolution broke out--Metternich |
| Laissez Faire | policy where business is allowed to operate without government interferance |
| Edict of Nantes | Proclamation granting religious tolerance to Huguenots |
| Huguenots | Protestant citizens of France |
| Napoleon | Great military leader that brought many reforms to France |
| Robespierre | a Jacobin leader who gained power, set out to build "republic of virtue" by whiping out France's past |
| Peter the Great | worked to modernize and westernize Russia |
| Louis XIV | "Sun King" Absolute Monarch, believed in Divine Right |
| Thomas Hobbes | believed people are greedy and selfish, powerful government can creat peaceful, orderly society |
| John Locke | believed people have natural rights, job of government to protect these or people should overthrow government |
| Baron de Montesquieu | believed powers of government should be separated into 3 branches to keep one from becoming too powerful |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | believed in a perfect society, people make and obey the laws, what is good for everyone is more important than for one person |
