| A | B |
|---|
| Absolutism | total control by a monarch over his subjects ex. Louis XIV of France |
| African National Congress | organized to end apartheid in South Africa led by Mandela |
| Animism | traditional African religion. Every object has its own spirit (soul). found dominately in Sub-Sahara |
| Apartheid | former policy in South Africa that legalized racial separation. Ends in 1990 |
| Appeasement | giving in to avoid conflict. 1938 Eng. + Fr. gave in to Hitler's demands for part of Czechoslovakia |
| Atlantic Slave Trade | 1500s-1800s Africans captured along west coast and shipped to North and Latin America to provide labor. Encouraged tribal warfare and destroyed African culture - led to racism (Europeans felt superior) |
| Berlin Wall | built in 1961 to prevent people living in Communist East Berlin, Germany from escaping to West Berlin. Torn down in 1989 marking end of Communism. |
| Boxer Rebellion | 1899 Chinese Nationalists attempted to remove all foreign influence |
| Buddhism | started in India spread to China and Japan - cultural diffusion - based on self-denial and meditation, reincarnation |
| Capitalism | based on private ownership of property |
| Caste System | India - Hindusim - very traditional society was organized in social classes or "castes". A person is born into a particular caste today illegal but "still exists". |
| Christianity | found by Jesus Christ - main religion in Europe - belief that Christ is the son of God who preached for a life based on love and understanding - found in new testament. |
| Civil Disobedience | people refuse to obey "unjust laws" - Gandhi of India in 1930s and 40s practiced civil disobedience. Ex. Salt March against British taxes |
| Civilization | advanced form of culture - building of cities, writing, ability to produce surplus food |
| Cold War | 1945-1990. After WWII (1945) conflict, without fighting, between communism (USSR) and democracy (USA) |
| Collectivization | land taken from peasants in USSR to form large farms used by Stalin USSR - 1920s - 1940s led to the starvation of 10 million Russians. |
| Communism | economic and political system that emphasizes needs of group are more important than individual. Usually govt. run agencies control all production and planning. First started in the Soviet Union. Today: China-Cuba-Vietnam-N.Korea |
| Confucianism | based on Chinese Philosopher Confucius. Person can achieve peace and harmony by fulfilling role in society -family. |
| Crusades | 1095-1291 Popes of Catholic Church in W. Europe waged a holy war to get Jerusalem from Muslim Turks led to tremendous cultural diffusion. |
| Cuban Revolution | 1959 Castro overthrow dictator and introduces Communism promising peasants land and nationalization of industry |
| Cultural Diffusion | exchange of ideas and goods between cultures ex.: Spanish spoken in L.A., Japanese writing from China, Buddhism from India to China |
| Cultural Diversity | differences in religion, language and tradition among members of a population. ex.: India has 15 different languages. |
| Cultural Revolution | attempt by Mao of China in the 1960s to create a society more in keeping with Communist beliefs. Students called "Red Guards" attacked those who opposed Mao |
| Culture | a group's language, customs and beliefs every society has its own |
| Deforestation | destruction of forests to increase farmland. Problem in Latin America as rain forests produce oxygen. Also elimination of plant and animal life: see Brazil |
| Democracy | first started in Athens, Greece. Citizens participate in government. Later people will select representatives. |
| Desertification | lansd turns to desert due to erosion or poor farming methods. ex.: Sahel of West Africa |
| Dictatorship | govt. is controlled by undemocratic leader as people have no say. ex.: Hilter - Germany; Stalin-USSR; Castro-Cuba |
| Divine Right | idea that all political power comes from God. ex.: Louis XIV of France 1600s. |
| Encomienda System | Spanish created vast plantations controlled by a small privileged class in Latin America. Indians were used as slaves. |
| Enlightenment | W. Europe in the 1700's writers Rousseau-Voltaire believed govt. decisions should be based on reason and science |
| Ethnocentrism | belief that one's own culture is superior to others ex.: China 1200 -1800s. |
| European Economic Community (EEC) | W. Europe (Common Market) 1957. countries tried to eliminate trade barriers in order to compete with U.S. and Japan. |
| Extended Family | three or more generations living together ex.: China: traditional |
| Feudalism | W. Europe in the Middle Ages and Japan in 1600 -1700s. Land was exchanged for military service. A rigid social system existed. |
| Free Market | economic system in which consumers determine what and how much is produced. Adam Smith with Laissez-faire. |
| French Revolution 1789 | due to high taxes, debt, and rigid social system. Led to shift in power from King and nables to bourgeoisie (middle class) |
| Genocide | mass murder against a particular racial, ethnic, or religious group. ex.: Jews in Europe - Holocaust |
| Global Warming | pollution blocks heat from escaping. Results in rising temperatures - may cause drought - polar caps to melt. |
| Great Leap Forward | Mao of China 40s - 50s, to increase agricultural and industrial production. Resulted in starvation and poor quality of products see Stalin's 5 yr. plan |
| Green Revolution | 60-80's attempt to improve agricultural production by better technology and farming methods. |
| Gulf War | 1990-91 - Iraq invaded Kuwait threatening world oil supply |
| Hinduism | belief in reincarnation, polytheistic, traditional belief in caste system |
| Holocaust | 39-45; attempted genocide of European Jews by Nazis. Resulted in 6 million deaths |
| Human Rights Violations | against people's civil liberties by govt. ex: Latin Am. Countries; China today |
| Imperialism | political and economic control of one country by another ex: most of Africa 1800 by Europeans |
| Industrial Revolution | 1700 - 1800's began in England. Change in way goods were produced. Led to growth of cities, a working class and middle class |
| Iranian Rev. | 1979, overthrow of Shah by fundamentalist group led by Khomeini. |
| Irish Republican Army (IRA) | Catholic terrorist group uses violence to achieve goal of ending Protestant control of No. Ireland. |
| Islam | major religion established in Middle East by Mohammed. |
| Judaism | First religion based on monotheism. Belief that God protects those who obey his commandments - Jews |
| Judo-Christian Heritage | Common set of laws held by followers of the Jewish and Christian religion. ex: 10 Commandments; one all-powerful God |
| Khmer Rouge | seized power in Cambodia 1975. Used terrorism under Pol Pot Millions died as a result of genocide against their won people who refused to obey. |
| Koran | sacred book of Islamic religion |
| League of Nations | 1919-39 created by the Treaty of Versailles. Hoped to prevent future wars but was atoo weak to prevent Germany, Japan, or Italy from aggressive acts. |
| Magna Carta | 1215 signed by King John of England limited power of monarch |
| Meiji Restoration | 1860s - 1890's Emperor Meiji used his power to modernize and industrialize Japan after its 200 yr. period of isolation. |
| Mercantilism | 1600-1700s, nation must acquire colonies to increase its wealth. ex: England in America and India |
| Middle Ages | 476-1150 period in Europe after fall ofthe Roman Empire. Week govt. were established under local rulers of lords. Rigid class system established. Catholic Church dominated Political-Social-Economic systems. |
| Monotheism | belief in one God |
| Monsoons | seasonal winds blowing across Asia bring heavy rain of drought |
| Nationalsim | each ethnic group is entitled to its own govt. strongest among people with common language, customs, history |
| nationalized | govt. seizes private property to place it under govt. control. ex: Castro in Cuba |
| Nintey-five Theses | 1517 Luther questions power of Pope and Catholic Church to God. Led to Protestant Reformation |
| Nuremburg Trails | 1945, Nazis were tried for "crimes against humanity" |
| One-Child Policy | CHINA - to reduce population growth but meets with resistance in traditional framing families who need children for labor. |
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | 1970 gave members influence in setting oil prices. Used oil as a political weapon in Midle East. |
| Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) | seeks to establish a home state for those Palestinians displaced when the Jewish nation of Israel was formed. 1970's - 80s used terrorism to publicize their cause. |
| Passive Resistance | non-volient approach to achieve political objectives. Instituted by Gandhi to achieve Indian independence from Britian. |
| Perestoika | 1985-90economic program of Gorbachev in the USSR. It means "restructuring" by adding a free market system |
| Racism | feeling that one race is superior. ex.: Germans towards the Jews = Holocaust |
| Reformation | 16th century or 1500s stated by Luther to reform Catholic Church. Led to break in religious unity and end of power of Catholic Church in W. Europe. |
| Renaissance | 1400-1500 "rebirth" of learning in W. Europe. Started in Italy. Achievements in art - literature as W. Europe came out of "dark" medieval ages. Influence by Humanism. |
| Roman Empire | controlled Africa (north) W. Europe and Middle East until 475 A.D. Spread govt. - language - laws through military conquest. |
| Russian Revolution | 1917, Phase I - overthrow of Czar due to economic conditions and WWI. Phase II - take-over by Lennin establishing Communist Government |
| Serfs or Peasants | worked land owned by Lords. |
| Shintoism | religion of Japan: spirits are found throughout nature and ancestor worship. |
| Shogun | military ruler of Japan during its feudal period - 1600s - 1800s. Power ended during Meiji period in 1850s - replaced by Emperor. |
| Single Cash Crop | ex.: coffee - sugar: found in Latin Am. and Africa. Nation becomes dependent on world market. Led to unstable economy. |
| Social Mobility | move from one economic class to another. Some traditional societies saw NO mobility - caste system in India |
| Sphere of Influence | economic control over parts (like trading cities)of a nation ex.: 1800s - European controlled major ports in China. |
| Subsistence Farming | only enough to feed oneself - NO surplus |
| Terrorism | use of violence I.E. bombings, executions - to draw attentiuon to a political cause ex.: PLO - IRA |
| Third World | means developing nations like Somalia - people suffer from hunger- poverty |
| G - 7 | the most economically influential countries (7) in the global community i.e. Germany - Japan - U.S. |
| Tananmen Square Protest | 1989 - China, students attempt a peaceful demonstration for more political freedom. |
| Totalitarianism | govt. controls every part of citizen's life - totallt. Person must be loyal to their govt. ex: Stalin - USSR : Hilter - Germany |
| Traditional Economy | customs are followed generation to generation ex.: farming + size of family in Latin America and India |
| Treaty of Versailles | 1919 marked end of WWI but reated Germany harshly leading to Hilter's rise to power. |
| Tribalism | allegiance to tribe or group rather than country. Resulted in political disunity in African nations.ex.: Zulus of South Africa. |
| United Nations | formed in 1945, after WWII to Keep peace. Has assisted countries in time of disasters - dought - medical aid. |
| Urbanization | people move to cities (urban) from fufal (farms) for jobs. Disrupts traditional family life - ex: Latin American - India |
| Westernization | Adopting customs, technology, and values of Q. Europe or U.S. in non-western areas. Ex.: Japan, Russia under Peter the Great; but others such as Iran have tries to resist this lifestyle by following fundamentalism. |
| Bolivar | 1800s Latin America: fought for independence from Spain |
| Bismarck | 1860s Germany: united Germany into a powerful nation by using "Blood and Iron" or "War and Industry". |
| Bonaparte | 1799-1812 France: dictator who conquered most of Europe- spread idea of equality through his Napoleonic Code. |
| Catherine The Great | 1770s Russia: attempted to get a warn-water port to increase Russian trade and westernize. |
| Davinci | 1500s Italy: Renaissance painter of Mona Lisa |
| Deng | 1970s China: attempted to allow private business in Communuist China but not political freedom. |
| Gandhi | 1930s India: used civil disobedience and nonviolence to obtain independence from Britain. |
| Gorbachev | 1980s Soviet Union: introduced more political freedom-Glasnot-more economic freedom-Perestroikla-caused the collapse of Communism. |
| Hilter | 1930s Germany: totalitarian govt. - Dictator. The Holocaust was the product of his "Final Solution" during WWII. |
| John of England | 1215 England: signed the Magna Carta limiting power of the king |
| Khomeini | 1979 Iran: led a religious revolt in Iran. Shah (King) replaced by religious fundamentalist leaders. |
| Lenin | 1917 Russia: leader of the Bolsheviks, led Communist Revolution forming the USSR. |
| Louis XIV | 1600s France: "Sun King" ruled as an Absolute Monarch. Built the Palace of Versailles. |
| Luther | 1550 Germany: led a movement to reform Catholic Church (95 theses) - caused Protestant Reformation |
| Machiavelli | supported Absolutsm - "End Justifies the means, "The Prince". |
| Mao | 1920-60s China: in 1940s led a Communist Revolution by using peasants. Controlled China 1950-60s as a totalitarian dictator: Great Leap Forward - Cultural Revolution. |
| Mandela | 1960-90s South Africa: led protest against Apartheid in South Africa. Jailed for 27 years. First black President of South Africa. |
| Marx | 1800s wrost that "people" should control business - led to the idea of Cummunism. |
| Muhammed | founder of Islam |
| Peter The Great | Russia 1600s: tried to modernize and westernize Russia |
| Stalin | 1920-50s USSR: totalitarian dictator - did not allow freedom of speech, press, or religion. Five Year Plans (focus on heavy industry not consumer goods). |
| Yeltsin | 1900s: became the frist President of Russia |
| Smith | 1700s: Laissez-faire economic theory - government stay out of business - led to Capitalism. |
| Voltaire-Locke-Rousseau | 1700s: Enlightenment - natural rights. |
