| A | B |
|---|
| senate | the most powerful governing body in the early republic-300 members |
| Laws of the Twelve Tables | the Roman laws writeen down on 12 tables so the plebians could read them |
| Punic Wars | 3 punic wars- 1- rome defeated carthegian army to gain Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia -2- Hannibal brought elephants and army over the Alps and almost took Rome finally defeated -3- Rome destroyed Carthage and poured salt on the soil |
| Hannibal | leader of Carthegian army in 2nd Punic War- took army over Alps and almsot captured Rome |
| republic | "thing of the people" which wouldhelp any one individual from getting too much power |
| plebian | farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders who made up the bulk of the population |
| patrician | members of the landholding elite- all of the senate were patricians |
| consul | 2 people elected by the senate who supervised the government and commanded armies |
| dictator | ruler who has complete control of the government |
| tribune | plebian elected officials that protected their interests |
| veto | blocking of laws that aren't agreeable- tribunes could veto laws made by senate if they thought they were harmful to the plebians |
| legion | unit of Roman soldiers who fought w/out pay and supplied their own weapons |
| 2 ways that the geography of Italy influenced the rise of Rome | much easier to unify than greece b/c no islands and smaller mountain range...broad fertile plains to support the growing population |
| Why were the plebians discontented during the early republic? | didn't know the laws...had no say in the senate and little influence in government |
| What reforms did the plebians win in the early republic? | Laws of the 12 Tables were placed in marketplace...able to elect tribunes...appeal judgment handed down by a patrician judge |
| Jesus | Jew-founded Christianity known as Messiah- arrested and crucified by Romans |
| Gospels | first 4 books of the New Testament |
| Apostle | disciples who spread Jesus' message |
| Paul | spread Jesus' teachings to non-Jews called Gentiles |
| New Testament | 27 books of the bible which contain teachings and life of Jesus |
| *Edict of Milan | granted freedom of worship to all Romans- issued by Constantine |
| sect | small group |
| messiah | savior sent by god who would lead Jewish people to freedom |
| martyrs | people who suffer or die for their beliefs |
| bishop | church official who was responsible for all christinas in an area called a diocese |
| pope | head of the Roman Catholic church |
| heresies | beliefs said to be contrary to official church teachings |
| How did the Romans treat the Jews of Palestine? | fairly well- didn't make them worship Roman gods b/c they didnt' want a revolt |
| How did diversions rise among Jews? | some wanted to go strictly by the traditions and some wanted it more lax |
| Describe 3 basic teachings of Christianity | peaceful, merciful, love your enemies |
| How were Christian teachings rooted in Jewish traditions? | many of Jesus' teachings had their roots in teachings of Moses and the Old Testament |
| Why did Christiantiy attract so many diverse converts? | the promise of eternal life- poor & rich were equal |
| Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus | patrician brothers who sought to reform the government for plebians |
| Julius Caesar | a army general who defied and overthrew Pompey and became ruler of Rome |
| Augustus | "exalted one" Caesar's grandnephew Octavian who, after a fight w/ Marc Anthony, became ruler of Rome- inacted civil service exams and new tax system |
| Hadrian | emperor codified Roman law and had "Hadrian's Wall" built |
| Pax Romana | "roman peace"- 200 yr span from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius |
| Circus Maximus | Rome's largest chariot racecourse |
| 3 ways in which empire building affected the Roman republic | -new class of wealthy Romans bought huge estates which were worked by latifundia -small farmers hurt b/c couldn't produce grain in as large quantities or at a low cost like rich -farmers forced to sell their land and move to cities |
| What problems did the Republic face after the deaths of the Gracchus brothers? | -who should hold power -turmoil sparked slave uprising and revolts among Rome's allies -endless warfare transformed legions into professional armies who marched into Rome to advance their ambitions |
| What reforms did Julius Caeser undertake? | -program of public works to employ jobless -public land to poor -recognized gov. of provinces -granted more Roman citizenship -introduced Egyptian calendar |
| Why did some Romans oppose Caesar? | he packed the senate w/ his own followers and some thought it was getting to easy to become a citizen |
| Greco-Roman civilization | the blending of Greek, Roman, and Hellenistic traditions |
| Pantheon | a great piece of architecture which was a temple to all the gods |
| Pliny | a Roman scientist who complied volumes on geography, zoology, botany, and other topics |
| Virgil | tried to show Rome's past was as heroic in the poem "Aeneid" |
| Livy | sought to rouse patriotic Roman feelings and restore virtues by recalling Rome's historic past |
| civil law | law that applied to all Roman citizens but had to be expanded to include non-citizens |
| law of nations | law that applied to all citizens under Roman rule |
| aqueduct | bridgelike structures that brought water from the hills into the Roman cities |
| How did Roman conquests lead to the birth of a new civilization? | all the traditions of the captured lands were absorbed and they created a new civilization |
| Give an example to show how Roman art blended different traditions | Romans adapted the realism of Hellinistic works while using the more idealistic Greek method in others |
| What practical skills did Romans develop? | the art of bridge, road, and harbor building...along w/ aqueducts and fresh water pumped into many of the big cities |
| Diocletian | emperor who set out to restore order and seperated the Roman empire into 2 parts |
| Constantine | continued Diocletians reforms- granted toleration to Christians- made the capital at Constantinople |
| Huns | a nomadic people who went on a campaign of conquest all across Europe |
| Visigoths | a nomadic people who migrated into Roman territory to get away from the Huns |
| Alaric | Visigoth general who overran Italy and plundered Rome |
| Attila | "scourage of god" Hun leader who lead them to conquer many European lands |
| Odoacer | Hun leader after Attila -ousted the emperor in Rome which is said to be the "fall of Rome" |
| Mercenary | foreign soldiers serving for pay |
| Describe the conditions of the Roman Empire after the Pax Romana ended | different generals took the throne for the 100 yrs after Marcus Aurileus -26 emperors in 100 yrs -high taxes made farmers leave thier land and go to city or work for wealthy landowners |
| 2 economic and 2 political reforms of Diocletian: | political-encreased prestige or emperor and divided empire into 2 parts economical-fixed prices on some goods and forced farmers to stay on their land |
| What effects did Constantine's policies have on the empire? | he encouraged the rapid growth of Christianity within the empire and guaranteed its future sucesses made the easter part of the empire the center of power which would prosper for centuries to come |
| Why did the Roman government loose the support of the people? | the government became more authorian and kept raising taxes |
