| A | B |
|---|
| latitude | lines running east to west that measure distances north or south of the equator |
| longitude | lines running north to south that measure distances east or west of the prime meridian |
| equator | 0' latitude |
| prime meridian | 0' longitude |
| Robinson projection | has curved sides and a flat top and bottom. Areas near poles appear flat. |
| Mercator projection | makes Greenland look larger than Australia |
| Goode's interrupted equal area projection | cuts the map into pieces so that land looks right, but you cannot measure distances |
| Polar projection | uses the north or south pole as center of the map |
| relief map | shows physical features |
| political map | shows boundaries between countries or states |
| compass rose | shows direction on a map |
| scale | used to measure distance on a map |
| key | explains what symbols on a map stand for |
| hemisphere | half of the earth |
| Greenwich, England | city that the prime meridian goes through |
| charts | show facts arranged in columns and rows |
| absolute location | determined by longitude and latitude |
| relative location | location of a place in relation to somewhere else |
| regions | divisions of the world based on physical features or human characteristics |
| Great Circle Route | shortest distance between 2 places |
| parallels | other name for lines of latitude |
| meridians | other name for lines of longitude |
| Antarctic Circle | 66 1/2' S |
| Arctic Circle | 66 1/2' N |
| Tropic of Cancer | 23 1/2' N |
| Tropic of Capricorn | 23 1/2' S |
| International Date Line | 180 longitude |
| cartographers | map makers |
| atmosphere | extends 1000 miles above Earth's surface |
| biosphere | part of Earth where life is found |
| hydrosphere | all water on Earth |
| lithosphere | all land on Earth |
| earthquakes | shaking movement of the earth's plates |
| erosion | wearing away of earth's surface |
| faults | breaks in the earth's crust |
| folds | bends in layers of rock |
| glaciers | large bodies of ice moving over earth's surface |
| volcanoes | mountains formed when lava rises through earth's crust |
| weathering | process that breaks down rocks (chemical & physical) |
| archipelago | group of islands |
| hills | land above the rest that is rounded with little relief |
| island | land completely surrounded by water |
| isthmus | a narrow strip of land connecting two larger landmasses |
| strait | narrow strip of water connecting two larger bodies of water |
| mountains | land above surrounding land with a peak or summit |
| plains | flat or gently rolling land |
| plateau | flat land higher than surrounding land |
| peninsula | land surrounded by water on three sides |
| continental shelf | shallow area near the coast of a continent |
| evaporation | changing of water into vapor or gas |
| groundwater | water beneath the surface of the earth |
| lake | water completely surrounded by land |
| river | water of considerable volume flowing throught the land |
| seamount | underwater mountains |
| water cycle | movement of water from the ocean to the air to the ground to the ocean |
| fossil fuels | formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago |
| minerals | substances from the earth that are not living or made from living things |
| natural resources | elements from the earth that are not made by humans, but are used by them |
| nonrenewable resources | things that can never be replaced |
| renewable resources | things that replace themselves naturally or that we can grow an endless supply of |
| Mount Everest | highest point on surface of the earth |
| Dead Sea | lowest point on the surface of the earth |
| Mariana Trench | deepest point of the ocean |
| Pangaea | when all landmasses were together as one supercontinent |
| sheet glacier | like Greenland & Antarctica |
| mountain glacier | clumps of ice that moves down a mountain |
| imports | goods brought into a country |
| exports | goods sent out of a country |
| traditional agriculture | human and animal labor, basic farm tools, no surplus |
| commercial agriculture | machinery produces a surplus, which is for sale |
| capitalism | individuals own private property and businesses which they operate for their own benefit |
| dictatorship | government ruled by a leader with complete power over the land and its people |
| socialism | individuals can own private property and businesses, but the gov't controls some industries |
| constitutional monarchy | has a king or queen, but an elected group of officials makes the laws |
| culture | the way of life of a society |
| migrate | the permanent movement of humans from one area to another |
| technology | use of tools and skills to help fill needs |
| cradles of civilization | Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan, China |
| population density | number of people per sq mile or kilometer |
| developed country | has enough food, clothing and shelter for the people and good health care and education |
| developing country | not enough food, clothing and shelter for people and inadequate health care and education |
| Mesopotamia | between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers |
| 6 billion | world's current population |
| natural cultural barriers | mountains, oceans, jungles, deserts |
| religion | an organized way of worshipping a spiritual being |
| political scientists | study various types of governments |
| surplus | an extra amount of something |
| industry | businesses that produce a good or service |
| literacy rate | number of people in a country that can read and write |
| authoritarian government | a small group makes the decisions for the entire country |
| life expectancy | a measure of the health care system in a country based on how long the average person lives |
| democracy | citizens elect their leaders |
| communism | the government owns all means of production and operates them for the benefit of everyone |
| China | the most populous nation in the world |
| xenophobia | the fear of foreigners or foreign culture |
| necessities for civilization | near a river, fertile soil, mild climate |
| absolute monarchy | a king or queen with real power |
| climate | weather conditions of a place over a long period of time |
| weather | atmosheric conditions of a place over a short amount of time |
| rain shadow | situation where the mountain blocks the moisture from crossing so that one side of the mountain in wet and the other side is dry |
| axis | imaginary line going through the earth from the north pole to the south pole |
| equinox | when the sun is directly over the equator (first day of spring or fall) |
| solstice | when the sun is over on of the Tropics (first day of summer or winter) |
| doldrums | windless area near equator |
