| A | B |
|---|
What is the structure labeled "A"?,  | A flagellum, |
| What is the structure labeled "B"?, | Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), |
| What is the structure labeled "B1"?, | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (notice the tiny ribosomes on the ER membrane), |
| What is the structure labeled "B2"?, | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (notice the lack of tiny ribosomes on the ER membrane), |
| What is the structure labeled "C"?, | Nuclear envelope (a.k.a. - nuclear membrane), |
| What is the structure labeled "D"?, | nucleolus, , 
|
| What is the structure labeled "E"?, | chromatin, |
| What is the structure labeled "F"?, | Nucleus, |
| What are the tiny structures labeled "G"?, | ribosomes, |
| What is the structure labeled "H"?, | Golgi apparatus, |
| What is the structure labeled "I" that contains digestive enzymes called?, | lysosome, |
| What is the structure labeled "J"?, | A mitochondrion, |
| What is the structure labeled "K" that contain the enzyme catalase called?, | peroxisome, |
| What is the structure labeled "L" that increases the surface area of cells to increase absorption called?, | microvilli, |
| The bracket labeled M is referring to a region called the _____. In this animal cell, two _____ are located in this region., | Centrosome, centrioles, |
The technique shown in the picture below is called _____.,  | cell fractionation, |
What is the structure labeled "A"?,  | rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) - notice the ribosomes on the membrane folds, |
| What is the structure labeled "B"?, | smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) - notice the lack of ribosomes on the membrane folds, |
| What are the tiny structures labeled "C"?, | ribosomes, |
| What is the structure labeled "D"?, | central vacuole, |
| What is the structure labeled "E"?, | Chloroplast, |
| What is the structure labeled "F"?, | plasmodesmata (channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells), |
| What is the structure labeled "G"?, | Cell wall, |
| What is the structure labeled "H"?, | plasma membrane (a.k.a. - cell membrane), |
| What is the structure labeled "I"? Hint: It produces and destroys hydrogen peroxide., | peroxisome, |
| What is the structure labeled "J"?, | A mitochondrion, |
| What is the structure labeled "K"?, | Golgi apparatus, |
| What is the region labeled "L" called?, | centrosome (notice the lack of centrioles in the plant cell), |
| What is the structure labeled "M"?, | nucleus, |
| What is the structure labeled "M1"?, | nuclear envelope (a.k.a. - nuclear membrane), |
| What is the structure labeled "M2"?, | nucleolus, |
| What is the structure labeled "M3"?, | chromatin (uncondensed chromosomes), |
What part of the plasma membrane is "A" referring to?,  | hydrophilic region (phosphate heads of the phospholipid), |
| What part of the plasma membrane is "B" referring to?, | hydrophobic region (fatty acid portion of the phospholipid bilayer), |
| What part of the plasma membrane is "C" referring to?, | hydrophilic region (phosphate heads of the phospholipid), |
| What is enclosed by the rectangle that "D" is pointing to?, | a phospholipid, |
| What is "E" pointing to?, | membrane proteins, |
| What is "F" pointing to?, | carbohydrate side chains, |
What type of cell is being shown in this diagram?,  | prokaryotic cell, |
| What is "A" pointing to?, | pili (the plural of pilus) - they are attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes., |
| What is "B" pointing to?, | nucleoid (region where the cell's DNA is located), |
| What is "C" pointing to? Hint: They are tiny dot-like structures., | ribosomes, |
| What is "D" pointing to?, | plasma membrane (a.k.a. - cell membrane), |
| What is "E" pointing to?, | Cell wall, |
| What is "F" pointing to?, | capsule (a jelly-like outer coating of many prokaryotes), |
| What is "G" pointing to?, | flagella (the plural of flagellum), |
What type of electron microscope produced this image?,  | scanning electron microscope (SEM), |
What type of electron microscope produced this image?,  | transmission electron microscope (TEM), |
The cell below is a(n) _____ cell.,  | animal, |
The cell below is a(n) _____ cell.,  | plant, |
| The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can ___. | live |
| The ____ is the simplest collection of matter that can live. | cell |
| The first microscopes, as well as the microscopes that we use in lab, are called ____. | light microscopes (LM) |
| ______ in microscopy is the ratio of an object's image size to its real size. | Magnification |
| _____ is a measure of the clarity of an image under a microscope and is defined as the minimum distance that ______ can be separated and still be distinguished as _____. | Resolution, two points, two points |
| Light microscopes can magnify effectively to about ______ X before sacrificing resolution. | 1000X |
| _________ microscopes focus a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface. | Electron microscopes |
| A disadvantage of electron microscopes is the fact that you can't __________. | view live specimens with them. The preparation of the specimen kills the specimen. |
| The type of electron microscope that produces 3-D images of the surface of a specimen is called a ____. | scanning electron microscope (SEM), |
| The type of electron microscope that produces a two dimensional picture of a thinly sliced cross section of a specimen is called a ______. | transmission electron microscope (TEM) |
| The study of cells is called _____. | cytology |
| The goal of the laboratory technique called _____ is to take cells apart and separate the major organelles from one another. | cell fractionation |
| The basic structure and functional unit of every organism is one of two types of cells; _____ or _____. | prokaryotic or eukaryotic,
|
| Only organisms of the domains _____ and _____ consist of prokaryotic cells. | Bacteria and Archaea |
| What are four features that all cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have in common? | Plasma membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, and chromosomes (although the structure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes are quite different) |
| The semifluid substance in which organelles are found is called _____. | cytosol |
| A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that _________. | eukaryotic chromosomes are located within a nucleus while prokaryotic chromosomes are out in the cytosol in a region called the nucleoid. |
| The entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is called the ____. | cytoplasm,
|
| The average eukaryotic cell is about ____ times bigger than the average prokaryotic cell. | 10 times |
| The major reason that cells can't get too big is that as they get bigger, their _____ grows faster than their ____. | volume grows faster than their surface area (A cells requirement for nutrients and production of waste is proportional to its volume, but its ability to get nutrients in and waste out through the plasma membrane is proportional to the surface area of the plasma membrane) |
| Cells like intestinal cells, that need to exchange a lot of material with their surroundings may increase their surface area by having many long, thin projections called ____ on the surface of the cell. | microvilli,  |
| Which three organelles or cell parts can be found in an animal cell but not a plant cell? | lysosomes, centrioles, and flagella (although some plant sperm have flagella) |
| Which four organelles or cell parts are found in a plant cell but not an animal cell? | chloroplasts, large central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata |
| The ________ directs protein synthesis by synthesizing m-RNA according to instructions provided by ______. | nucleus, DNA |
| The nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane called the ______ which has holes called _____ to allow materials back and forth between the cytoplasm and the interior of the nucleus. | nuclear membrane, nuclear pores |
| DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms is located inside the nucleus as discreet units called _____. They are only clearly visible just before _____. Otherwise, they are uncoiled in a diffuse mass referred to as _____. | chromosomes, cell division, chromatin. |
| The dark structure inside the nucleus is called the _____. It's job is to make the parts of ______. | nucleolus, ribosomes,
|
| Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) is synthesized inside the _____ and then assembled with proteins to make the _____ and _____ subunits of _______. | nucleolus, large and small subunits of ribosomes (These two subunits aren't put together to form a functional ribosome until they leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm) |
| ________ are particles that carry out protein synthesis when _____ attaches to them to deliver the instructions. | Ribosomes, m-RNA |
| Cells that have high rates of protein synthesis would have a large number of ______. | ribosomes |
| You would find free ribosomes ____________. | suspended in the cytosol |
| Bound ribosomes would be found attached to the outside of the _____ or the _____. | endoplasmic reticulum or nucleus |
Which process is depicted in the picture below?,  | Autophagy (the recyling of old cell parts), |
Which organelle is the arrow in the micrograph below pointing to?,  | The central vacuole of a plant cell, |
The "A" is pointing to ____ in the picture below.,  | chloroplast DNA (both chloroplasts and mitochondria have DNA of their own. It's thought to be strong evidence of the bacterial origin of these organelles), |
| The "B" is pointing to ____ in the picture below., | the stroma (like the cytosol of the chloroplast), |
| The "C" is pointing to ____ in the picture below., | the inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast, |
| The "D" is pointing to ____ in the picture below., | a granum (singular of grana) - a granum is a stack of thylakoids., |
| The "E" is pointing to ____ in the picture below., | a single thylakoid, |
The micrograph below is a ______.,  | chloroplast, |
What are the "A's" in the picture below?,  | transport vesicles, |
| What is the "B" in the picture below?, | The endoplasmic reticulum, |
| What is the "C" in the picture below?, | The golgi apparatus, |
| What is the "D" in the picture below?, | a bound ribosome (the little red dot), |
The micrograph shows ______.,  | endoplasmic reticulum (most of it is rough ER. The little dots are ribosomes), |
The micrograph shows ______.,  | golgi (the bubbles on either side are transport vesicles), |
The organelle surrounding this mitochondria and peroxisome fragments in the micrograph below is a(n) _____.,  | lysosome (the lysosome is performing autophagy, which is the destruction and recycling of old cell parts), |
What is "A" in the picture below?,  | A mitochondrion, |
| What is "B" in the picture below?, | the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion, |
| What is "C" in the picture below?, | the outer membrane of the mitochondrion, |
| What is "D" in the picture below?, | The inner membrane of the mitochondrion, |
| What is "E" in the picture below?, | Cristae of the mitochondrion (folds of inner membrane), |
| What is "F" in the picture below?, | the matrix of the mitochondrion (the inner compartment), |
| What is "G" in the picture below?, | mitochondrial DNA (both chloroplasts and mitochondria have DNA of their own. It's thought to be strong evidence of the bacterial origin of these organelles), |
Which organelle is shown in this micrograph?,  | a mitochondrion, |
Which cellular structure are the question marks referring to?,  | nuclear pore, |
Which process is being shown in the picture below and what are the two organelles (A and B) involved?,  | Phagocytosis, A is a lysosome and B is a food vacuole., |
What is "A" pointing to?,  | rough endoplasmic reticulum, |
| What is "B" pointing to?, | free ribosomes, |
| What is "C" pointing to?, | bound ribosomes (they are bound to the outer part of ER membrane), |
| The nuclear membrane, ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles and plasma membranes are all part of the ________. | endomembrane system |
| Transport of substances between various parts of the endomembrane system are usually carried out by _______. | transport vesicles |
| The ER membrane is continuous with the _____. | nuclear envelope |
| The ______ ER does not have ribosomes attached to its outer surface. | smooth |
| The ______ ER has ribosomes attached to its outer surface. | rough |
| The smooth ER does not have ________ attached to its outer surface. | ribosomes |
| The rough ER has ________ attached to its outer surface. | ribosomes |
| Which organelle is important in the synthesis of lipids, including phospholipids for membranes and steroid hormones? | Smooth ER |
| The _______ has enzymes that help detoxify drugs and poisons, especially in liver cells. | smooth ER |
| Most proteins that end up being secreted from the cell are originally made in the _____. | rough ER |
| Many proteins made on ribosomes on the rough ER enter the ER lumen and have carbohydrate portions attached to them to form ______. | glycoproteins |
| Which organelle makes membranes for the cell and its various membrane bound organelles? | Rough ER |
| Cells that make a lot of proteins destined for secretion, such as pancreas cells that produce insulin and send it into the bloodstream, would have a lot of _____ and _____. | rough ER and golgi |
| The _____ can be thought of as a center for manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping. | golgi apparatus |
| Transport vesicles that bud off the golgi to deliver molecules to the outside of the cell will _____ with the plasma membrane. | fuse,  |
| A _____ is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest all kinds of macromolecules. | lysosome |
| When lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles that are formed by endocytosis, the overall process of procurring and digesting the food is called ______. | phagocytosis, |
| Phagocytosis involves the fusion of which two organelles? | a lysosome and a food vacuole, |
| Lysosomes can use their enzymes to break down and recycle the cells own molecules and cell parts in a process called _____. | autophagy (phage means eat and auto means own), |
| Mature plant cells contain a large _________ enclosed by a membrane called a tonoplast. | central vacuole |
| Many freshwater protists contain a _____ vacuole that pumps water out of the cell. | contractile vacuole (The contractile vacuole in the paramecium below is the star-shaped organelle in the upper right end of the cell),  |
| The ____ and _____ are organelles that convert energy into more useable forms for eukaryotic cells. | mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| Which two organelles have their own ribosomes and DNA that is different from the rest of the cell's DNA and ribosomes? | mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| Which two organelles have an inner and an outer double membrane that work to compartmentalize the organelles? | mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| Which organelle is involved with cellular respiration? | mitochondria |
| The mitochondria is involved with the process of _____. | cellular respiration |
| The chloroplast is involved with the process of _____. | photosynthesis |
| Which organelle is involved with photosynthesis? | chloroplast |
| The space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria is called the _____. | intermembrane space |
| The space inside of the inner membrane of the mitochondria is called the ____. | mitochondrial matrix |
| Amyloplasts (that store starch), chromoplasts (that store color pigments) and chlorplasts (photosynthesis) are types of plant cell organelles called _____. | plastids |
| The flattened interconnecting sacs inside chloroplasts are called ____. | thylakoids ("E" in the picture below), |
| A stack of thylakoids is called a ______. | granum ("D" in the picture below), |
| The space between the thylakoids and the inner membrane of the chlorplast is called the ____. | stroma |
| The green photosynthetic pigment in _____ is called _____. | chloroplasts, chlorophyll |
| _____, especially prominant in the liver, help detoxify alcohol and other poisons by transferring hydrogen from the poisons to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide. | Peroxisomes |
| Peroxisomes help break down the type of macromolecule called _____ by oxidation, which produces hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct. | lipids |
| Hydrogen peroxide produced in peroxisomes during oxidative reactions is quickly broken down by ____, also produced by peroxisomes. | catalase |
| The _______ is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities of the cell. | cytoskeleton,  |
| The cytoskeleton is composed of three types of molecular structures. From widest to narrowest, they are _______, _______, and _______. | microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments. |
| Another word for microfilaments is ______ filaments. | actin |
| Cell motility generally requires the interaction of the cytoskeleton with proteins called _____ that help them move. | motor proteins |
| ______ shape and support the cell and also serve as tracks along which organelles equipped with motor proteins can move. | Microtubules |
| ______ are responsible for the separation of chromosomes during cell division. | microtubules |
| In many cells, microtubules grow out from a region called the ______, and is considered to be the "microtubule organizing center." In animal cells a pair of centrioles would be found in this region. | centrosome |
| Within the centrosome of animal cells are a pair of ______ that seem to help with separation of chromosomes during mitosis. | centrioles |
| Many single cell organism have either _____ or ______, both with the same "9 + 2" arrangement of microtubules, to help propel them through the water. The ____ are the longer of the two. | cilia, flagella, flagella are longer |
| The microtubule assembly of cilia or flagella is anchored to the cell by the ______, which is structurally identical to a centriole. | basal body,  |
| Microfilaments (actin filaments) often work in conjunction with a protein called _____ to cause contraction in such things as muscle cells, pinching of the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis, or movement of pseudopods in amoebae. | myosin,  |
| ______ are the most permanent of the three types of cytoskeleton structures and often are responsible for holding the shape of a cell or organelles in place. | Intermediate filaments |
| The cell wall of plants is made mostly of ______. | cellulose |
| The thin layer that glues plant cells together is called the ____. | middle lamella |
| Plant cell walls are commonly perforated by channels between adjacent cells called _____ that allow cytoplasmic substances to go back and forth from one cell to the next. | plasmodesmata |
| The most abundant extracellular glycoprotein is _____. | collagen (a type of connective tissue fiber) |
| _____ are a type of receptor protein that spans the plasma membrane and facilitates communication from the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton on the inside of the cell. | Integrins |
| In animal cells, the three main types of intercellular junctions are ____, _____, and _____. | tight junctions (A), desmosomes (B), and gap junctions (C).,  |
| What type of intercellular junction is "A" referring to?, | tight junction, |
| What type of intercellular junction is "B" referring to?, | desmosome, |
| What type of intercellular junction is "C" referring to?, | gap junction, |
| In animals, which type of intercellular junction functions like a channel that allows the transfer of small molecules between cells to occur and also allows neighboring cells to communicate with each other? | gap junction |
| In animals, which type of intercellular junction function like rivets that fasten neighboring cells together? | desmosomes |
| In animals, which type of intercellular junction function sews cells together to prevent extracellular fluid from leaking across layers of epithelial cells? | tight junctions |
Which two types of cellular structures would have a cross-section like the picture below?,  | Basal bodies and centrioles (notice the nine sets of triplet microtubules), |
Which two types of cellular structures would have a cross-section like the picture below?,  | cilia and flagella (notice the nine pairs wrapped around two microtubules construction, often referred to as a "9+2 construction."), |
