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| Rock | A solid mixture of minerals and other materials that makes up Earth's crust |
| How to study rock samples | Observe color, texture, and determine mineral composition |
| Rock-Forming Minerals | About 20 minerals that make up most of the rocks of earth's crust (quartz, feldspar, hornblend, mica) |
| Texture | The look and feel of the rock's surface |
| Grains | Particles of minerals or rocks which make up a rock and give the rock its texture |
| Coarse-Grained (size) | Grains in the rock are easy to see |
| Fine-Grained (size) | Grains are so small that they can only be seen with a microscope |
| No Visible Grain (size) | Rock cools so quickly when it forms that there are no visible grains |
| Rounded Grain (shape) | Smooth |
| Jagged Grain (shape) | Rock is not smooth |
| Non-Banded (pattern) | Grains do not lay in bands |
| Banded (pattern) | Grains lay in bands |
| Igneous Rock | Rock formed from the cooling of magma or lava |
| Sedimentary Rock | Rock formed when the particles of other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together |
| Metamorphic Rock | Rock formed when an existing rock is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions |
| Extrusive Rock | Igneous rock formed from lava that erupted onto Earth's surface |
| Intrusive Rock | Igneous rock that formed when magma hardened beneath the Earth's surface |
| Fine-Grained Igneous Rock | Formed from extrusive rock; rapid cooling of lava; has small crystals |
| Coarse-Grained Igneous Rock | Formed from intrusive rock; slow cooling of magma; has large crystals |
| Porphyritic | Igneous rocks that have large crystals scattered on a background of much smaller crystals; forms when instrusive rock cools in 2 stages |
| Silica Content in Igneous Rock | Rocks with a low silica content form dark colored rocks; Rocks with a high silica contenct form light colored rocks |
| Sediment | Small, solid pieces of material that comes from rocks or living things |
| Erosion | Running water or wind loosens and carries away the fragments of a rock |
| Weathering | The wearing away of a rock |
| Depositon | Sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it |
| Compaction | Presses sediments together, adding new layers |
| Cementation | Dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together |
| Clastic Rock | Sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments are squeezed together |
| Organic Rock | Sedimentary rock that forms when the remains of plants and animals are deposited into thick layers |
| Chemical | Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals that are dissolved in a solution crystallize |
| Coral Animals | Tiny relatives of jellyfish that live together in vast numbers |
| Coral Reef | Structure produced from coral animal skeletons that grow together; they form only in warm, shallow water of tropical islands |
| Formation of Coral Reefs | Coral animals absorb calcium from the ocean water, Calcium is changed to calcite and forms the skeletons of the coral animals; When coral animals die their skeletons remain and more corals build on top of them |
| Changes in Rock when formed into Metamorphic Rock | Appearance, Texture, Crystal Structure, Mineral Content |
| Pressure | Increases the deeper a rock is; changest the minerals in rock to other minerals |
| Foliated | Metamorphic rocks that have their grains arranged in parallel layers or bands |
| Non-Foliated | Metamorphic Rocks whose mineral grains are arranged randomly, do not split into layers |
| Rock Cycle | Series of processes on Earth's surface and inside the planet that slowly change rocks from 1 kind to another |
| Driving forces of the rock cycle | Plate movements |
