| A | B |
|---|
| chromosome | rod-shaped structures carrying genetic information in 200 to 2000 genes |
| histone | protein in eukaryotic cells that helps the chromosome maintain shape |
| chromatid | half of a replicated chromosome |
| centromere | the protein "glue-wad" that holds the chromatids together |
| chromatin | unwound chromosome DNA material |
| sex chromosome | chromosomes that determine the gender of an organism (XX or XY) |
| autosome | all chromosomes except the X and Y |
| homologous chromosome | autosomes that have the same set of genes on them |
| karyotype | a microscope picture of an individuals paired chromosomes |
| diploid | 2n number of chromosomes |
| haploid | n number of chromosomes |
| binary fission | rapid division of a prokaryotic cell into two |
| mitosis | nuclear division of eukaryotic cells |
| asexual reproduction | reproduction that only requires on parent (binary fission or mitosis) |
| meiosis | cell division of gametes (sperm and eggs) |
| gamete | sex cell (sperm or egg) |
| interphase | time in the cell cycle between cell divisions |
| cytokinesis | division of a cell's cytoplasm |
| prophase | first phaase of mitosis when chromatin becomes replicated chromosomes |
| spindle fiber | microtubules that radiate from the centrosomes |
| metaphase | middle stage of mitosis when replicated chromosomes line up at the equator |
| anaphase | stage of mitosis when the chromatids split and become chromosomes |
| telophase | stage of mitosis when the nucleus reforms |
| cell plate | forms in plant cells during cytokinesis |
| synapsis | pairing of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I |
| tetrad | a pair of homologous chromosomes with 4 chromatids |
| crossing-over | maternal and paternal chromosomes pieces break and switch places |
| genetic recombination | a new mixture of maternal and paternal chromosomes due to crossing over |
| independent assortment | random separation of the homologus chromosomes during Anaphase I |
| spermatogenesis | meiosis in males that produces 4 sperm |
| oogenesis | meiosis in females that produces one egg and 3 polar bodies |
| polar body | 3 cells made during oogenesis that degenerate |
| sexual reproduction | reproduction that involve two parents and gametes |
