| A | B |
|---|
| Ocular Lens | The lens at the top of the microscope through which observations are made |
| Objective Lens | An adjustable lens system that allows the use of low (4x), medium (10x), and high (40x) power lenses |
| Nosepiece | Carries the three objective lenses |
| Body Tube | Supports the objective and the ocular lenses |
| Base | Supports the microscope on the table |
| Stage | The platform that the slide rests on while being viewed |
| Light Source | Directs light upward through the microscope |
| Condensor/Diaphragm | Shutter controlling the amount of light on the specimen |
| Coarse Adjustment Knob | Used to put the specimen in rough focus |
| Fine Adjustment Knob | Used for precise focusing of a specimen |
| How to calculate the total magnification of an object | Ocular lens x objective lens |
| Five Characteristics of Living Things | Made of cells, use energy, grow and develop, respond to stimuli, reproduce |
| Organism | A living thing |
| Multicellular | Organism composed of many cells |
| Unicellular | Organism made up of only one cell |
| Four Needs of Organisms | Energy source, water, living space, stable conditions |
| Heterotroph | Organism that cannot make its own food |
| Autotroph | Organism that can make its own food |
| Spontaneous Generation | The idea that life arises from non-living things |
| Redi's Experiment | Proved that decaying meat does not produce maggots |
| Pasteur's Experiment | Proved that bacteria do not spontaneously arise from broth |
| Hooke | One of the first people to observe cells |
| Leeuwenhoek | Observed tiny, moving organisms |
| Schleiden | Concluded that all plants are made up of cells |
| Schwann | Concluded that all animals are made up of cells |
| Virchow | Proposed that all cells come from other cells |
| Cell Theory | All living things are composed of cells, Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, All cells are produced from other cells |
| How to calculate the percent water content in potato cells | [(initial mass - final mass) / initial mass] x 100 |
| Cell Wall | The outermost part of a plant cell; made up of many sugars; helps the cell maintian shape and protects the cell - Animal cells DO NOT have a cell wall |
| Cell Membrane | A lipid bi-layer that also contains proteins; it allows materials to get in and out of the cell |
| Nucleus | Contains the DNA and directs the cell's activities |
| Nuclear Membrane | A membrane that surrounds and protects the nucleus |
| Chromatin | Thin strands in the nucleus that contain genetic material |
| Nucleolus | Where the ribosomes are made |
| Cytoplasm | Helps the cell communicate; made mostly of proteins and water |
| Mitochondrion | Converts carbohydrates to energy for the cell |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Carries material from one part of the cell to another |
| Rough ER | The part of the ER that contains ribosomes; site of protein production |
| Smooth ER | The part of the ER that lacks ribosomes; site of lipid production |
| Ribosomes | Factories that assemble proteins |
| Golgi Body | Receives material from the ER for packaging and distributes them to other parts of the cell |
| Chloroplasts | Large green structures that contain chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis |
| Vacuoles | Storage area in the cell where food, water, and waste are stored |
| Cytoskeleton | Protein fibers that aid in the internal movement of cell organelles |
| Centrosome | Aids in cell division |
| Lysosomes | Structures that contain chemicals that aid in breaking down large food particles |
| Peroxisome | Protects the cell from its own production of toxic chemicals |
| THREE MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL | 1) Plant cell has a cell wall while an animal cell does not; 2) The vacuole is much larger in a plant cell, 3) Plant cells have chloroplasts while animal cells do not |
| Nucleoid | Where the DNA is located in a bacterial cell |
| Pilus | Hair-like structures made of protein that allow bacteria to attach to other cells |
| Capsule | The layer that protects the bacterial cell |
| Flagella | Help the bacteria to move |
