| A | B |
|---|
| How and where is water stored on the planet? | Ocean, lakes & rivers, shallow and deep groundwater, water vapor |
| What is the energy source for the hydrolic cycle? Is this an open or closed system? | The sun. Closed system. |
| What are the products of the Hydrologic cycle? | glaciers, clouds/atmosphere, underground water, rivers, lakes, oceans |
| What is the process of the Hydrologic cycle? | precipitation, evaporation, condensation, melting, freezing, transpiration, sublimation, infiltration |
| How are the products and process related? | the sun’s energy starts a process that leads to each new product and new process |
| What’s the difference between evaporation and transpiration? | Transpiration occurs when plants give off water vapor to the atmosphere. |
| Can you explain the phase changes of water during the hydrologic cycle? | Solid /glacier to vapor/atmosphere (sublimation) to liquid /clouds (condensation) to liquid/surface (precipitation) to underground (infiltration) to liquid/lake (runoff) to vapor/atmosphere (evaporation or transpiration) to ice crystals/clouds (condensation) to solid/glacier (precipitation) |
| Where do humans get most of their freshwater? | Aquifers (underground layer that holds water) |
| Where can you find groundwater? Permeable or impermeable? | In the pores of the rock. In the permeable layers pooled up after reaching an impermeable layer. |
| How do people use water for their benefit? | agriculture, industry, transportation, recreation |
| Which types of Earth materials are permeable? | sand and gravel |
| Which types of Earth materials are impermeable? | granite and clay |
| What is the difference between porosity and permeability? | Porosity is the percentage of pore space. Determines how much groundwater can be stored. Permeability is the ability to transmit water through connected pore spaces. |
| How does sorting of materials affect porosity and permeability? | The amount of space between the gravel or pores. More space = more water storage. |
| What is the water table? | The top of the saturated zone (underground pooling of water). |
| How does an artesian aquifer work? | A well in which water rises because of pressure within the aquifer. |
| What is a water budget? | The amount of water available for human use. |
| How does underground water pollution move? What factors affect pollution movement? | Gravity pulls polluted water down through permeable layers until it reaches a saturated zone (pool of water) caused by impermeable layers. |
| How do divides and drainage basins depend on each other? | Divides are the highest points (like the upper rim of a bowl) around a drainage basin that causes water to flow to the main river in the drainage basin. |
| How many drainage basins can be found on the continental United States? What are they? | The five (5) drainage basins are: (1) Colorado River Basin (2) Columbia River Basin (3) Mississippi River Basin (4) Rio Grande River Basin (5) St. Lawrence River Basin |
| Name three variables that affect how fast water will flow in a channel | 1) slope, 2) channel dynamics (shape,size,roughness), 3) volume (amount) of water |
| Where does a river have the most kinetic energy? Potential energy? | The middle of the river has the most kinetic energy. The sides of the river have the most potential energy. |
| What are the three types of load a river carries? | Dissolved load (minerals and salts), Suspended load (silt, gives color), and Bed load (sand and larger particles). |
| Along a river, which locations are erosion and deposition most active? | Erosion is most active on the outside of the river bend. Deposition is most active on the inside bend. |
| What are the three stages of river development? What features are associated with each? | Youth: v-shaped valleys, waterfalls, rapids Mature: narrow floodplains, meanders Old: oxbow lakes, large meanders, wide floodplains |
| Identify if the features listed are the results of erosion or deposition: | Erosion: waterfalls, v-shaped valley Deposition: delta, oxbow lake, meander, alluvial (fan) plain |
| Which stage of a river has the greatest amount of discharge? | Old |
| What causes tides? What causes waves? | Tides are caused by gravity (the interaction of earth, the moon & sun.) Wave are caused by wind. |
| What is the difference between spring and neap tides? | Spring tide is the greatest range between high and low tide because of the strongest gravitational pull (twice a month). Neap tides have the smallest range between high and low tide. |
| How can tidal power plants produce energy? | Movement of water between high and low tide can be used in a power plant to produce energy. |
| What are the two types of ocean current and what affects their flow? (hint: temperature and density) | Surface current flows affected mainly by winds. Deep current flows affected mainly by differences in density (temperature and salinity). |
| How do ocean currents move heat relative to the equator and the poles? | Cold currents move toward equator and warm current move toward the poles. |
| How do ocean currents affect climate and weather? | Ocean currents warm or cool the air above it which influences climate of the land near the coast. |
| Why do ocean currents never flow in a straight line? (what is the name of the force?) | The Coriolis Effect causes wind to curve right in the N. Hemisphere and to curve left in the S. Hemisphere. |
| Which major ocean currents affect U.S. climate the most? | California Current and Gulf Stream |
| Can you determine the difference between seamounts, abyssal plains, continental shelf/slope? Where in the ocean basin are each of the above features located? | Seamounts are volcanic peaks rising from the deep-ocean floor (abyssal plain). The Abyssal plain is the nearly flat deep-ocean floor leading up to the continental slope. |
