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| Articles of Confederation | A document adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777 and finally approved by the states in 1781 that outlined the original form of government of the new United States. |
| Northwest Ordinance | One of the lasting successes of the Articles of Confederation, passed in 1787 to provide for governing of the Northwest Territory. |
| Territorial expansion | The belief in increasing a country's land mass, parallel to the concept of Manifest Destiny. |
| Preamble | An introductory statement or preliminary explanation as to the purpose of teh document and the principles behind its philosophy. |
| US Constitution | Contains the framework for our system of government, a representative democracy or republic. It is the oldest written functioning constitution in the world. |
| Bill of Rights | The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution. |
| Amendments | A change to the constitution of a nation or a state. |
| Steps in amending the Constitution | There are 4 methods of formally amending the Constitution. An amendment may be 1) proposed by 2/3 vote in each house of Congress and ratified by 3/4 of the state legislature; 2)proposed by 2/3 vote in congress & ratified by conventions called in 3/4 of the States; 3)proposed by a national convention called by Congress at the request of 2/3 of the State legislatures then ratified by 3/4 of the State legislatures; 4)proposed by a national convention and ratified by conventions in 3/4 of the States. |
| Checks and balances | A system whereby each branch of government can exercise checks, or controls, over the other branches. |
| Seperation of powers | The power in the country or state is divided into branches, and each branch has separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility. |
| Popular sovereignty | "People rule" |
| Legislative review | Marbury v. Madison (1803) |
| Supreme Court | Has 9 justices (judges) one of whom serves as the Chief Justice. |
| Congress | Both houses of the Legislative branch-Senate and the House of Representatives. |
| Marbury v. Madison | A controversy over the appointment of several judges in the final hours of John Adam's presidency sparked a ruling by the Supreme Court that parts of teh Judiciary Act were void because they were not in line with the Constitution. |
| Declaration of Independence | This document written mainly by Thomas Jefferson, is dated July 4, 1776. It served 3 major purposes: 1) propaganda to alert the colonists of injustices of the King of England, 2) an outline of a new form of government, 3) a declaration of war. |
| McCullough v. Maryland | Court ruling that the state bank could not tax a federal government entity, thereby established in the supremacy of the national government. |
| Native Americans | The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas, their descendants, and many ethnic groups who identify with those peoples. |
| Veto | It is used to denote that a certain party has the right to stop a certain piece of legislation. |
| Immigration | Refers to the movement of people between countries. |
| Migration patterns | A trend of people moving from one area to another over time. |
| Juvenile | A legal term referring to a minor. |
| Adult | Grown man or woman; mature person or one who is legally of age as opposed to minor. |
| Rule of law | Principle that no one is above the law. |
| Due process | Principle that the government must respect all of a person's legal rights instead of just some or most of those legal rights when the government deprives a person of life, libery, or property. |
| Punishment | Practice of imposing something unpleasant on a person or animal in response to an unwanted, disobedient or morally wrong behavior. |
| Price | The amount of money or goods given for something of value. |
| Production | The total output of a good or service. |
| Consumption | When consumers use up goods and services through purchasing or in producing other goods. |
| Distribution of goods & services | (placement)-one of the four aspects of marketing |
| Market system | The network of interdependent activities that exists as goods and services are manufactured, bought and sold, and distributed. |
| Productivity | The rate at which goods and services are produced. |
| Profits | The amount received for a commodity or service in excess of the original cost. |
| Incentives | Something that would motivate a person to either work harder or get another job. |
| Regionalism | Interests of a particular region or group of regions that share common needs, lifestyles, resources. |
| Innovations | The creation of something new, such as an idea, process, or the invention of a new gadget. |
| Scarcity | When the amount of a good or service is insufficient to meet the demand. |
| Rural | Sparsely settle or agricultural areas of the country |
| Urban | Referring to a city or densly populated area. |
| Push-pull factors | Factors that, often simutaneously, drive or draw people to relocate. |
| Migration | The movement from one location to another within a country's border. |
| Demographic data | Information about the characteristics of human populations or segment of the population concerning age, birth/death rates, income levels, marital status, household size, etc. |
| Indian Removal Act | This 1830 act called for the government to negotiate treaties that would require Native Americans to relocate west. (Trail of Tears-Cherokee) |
| Secession | To withdraw from the Union. |
| Fugitive Slave Law | Act that allowed government representatives to hund down and return suspected runaway slaves. Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850. |
| Jim Crow laws | 1890's, southern states passed laws restricting the civil rights of blacks |
| Black codes | Laws passed in the South after the Civil Ware designed to continue segregation and inequality. |
| Exoduster | Newly freed blacks who came to Kansas to homestead after the Civil War, 1865-1881. |
| Primary source | A document, recording or other source of information that was created at roughly the time being studied, by an authoritative source, usually one with direct personal knowledge of the events being described. |
| Alien & Sedition Act | 1878-Federalists passed laws in an attempt to weaken the Democratic-Republican Party. |
| Marshall court | Helped establish the practice of judicial review and the supremacy of the national government over the states. |
| Manifest destiny | The belief, by Americans of the mid 1800's, that they had a right to expand across the continent (from sea to shining sea). |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln's executive order that proclaimed that the slaves in states "still in rebellion" would be freed on 1/1/1863. |
| Sherman's March to the Sea | 60-mile wide and 300 mile long swath of destruction from Atlanta to Savannah, GA, Nov-Dec. 1864. |
| Ku Klux Klan | An organization founded by ex-Confederate soldiers who sought to re-establish Democratic power in the south when reconstruction efforts were being dominated by Radical Republicans and carpetbaggers. |
| Fredrick Douglass | A self-educated, escaped slave who became an author, publisher, and speaker, one of the best-known voices of the abolitionist movement. |
| Amendment 13 | Prohibited slavery and involuntary servitude |
| Amendment 14 | defined citizenship |
| Amendment 15 | stated persons could not be denied the right to vote because of their race or color |
| Share cropping | The practice of farming whereby the tenant farmer gives a share of the crops raised to the landlord instead of paying cash rent. |
| Transcontinental railroad | The Central Pacific Railroad built east from California; the Union Pacific Railroad built west from Iowa. The two companies linked up at Promontory Point, Utah on 5/10/1869, connecting the East and West by rail. |
| Town speculation | Buying up large tracts of land and platting a town site, with the hope of selling the lots for a profit and establishing a town. |
| Fred Harvey | An entrepreneur from Leavenworth, KS who partnered with the Atchison, Topeka, and the Santa Fe Railroad to operate his restaurants, lunch stands, and hotel facilities along the railroad route. |
| Immigrant agents | Government agents whose job was to help settle the land west of the Mississippi River. |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, published in 1852, described slave treatment and stirred bitter feelings in both the North and the South. |
| Interchangeable parts | The idea of mass producing parts for guns, made repair ports accessible for most machines. Credited to Eli Whitney. |
| Cotton gin | An invention of Eli Whitney in 1793, that separated the seeds from the raw cotton, revolutionizing cotton production and increasing the need for slave labor. |
| Steamboats | The boat propelled by steam, usually used on inland canals and waterways. |
| Canals | Man-made or improved waterway, to be used for travel, shipping and commerce. |
| Compromise of 1850 | Compromise proposed by Henry Clay that stated 1) California would be admitted as a free state, 2) the Mexican Cession lands would remain undesignated, 3) Fugitive Slave act was passed, 4) no more lsave trading in Washington, DC |
| Missouri Compromise OR Compromise of 1820 | Missouri asked to admitted as a slave state; Mainw as admitted as a free state; a line dividing the slave and free sections was drawn along the 36 degree 30' parallel. |
