| A | B |
|---|
| republic | a government where people choose their leaders |
| patricians | members of the oldest and richest Roman families |
| plebeians | lower class Roman citizens |
| consuls | two most powerful leaders in the Roman Republic |
| veto | the power to say no in government |
| senate | governing body in Rome |
| senator | one of 300 members of the Roman Senate |
| tribune | government official of plebeians |
| Twelve Tables | Roman laws written on bronze tablets in 450 B.C. |
| legion | division of Roman Army |
| legionaries | Roman soldiers |
| Carthage | Phoenician city in North Africa |
| Sicily | island off southwestern tip of Italy |
| First Punic War | Rome and Carthage fought over grain supplies in Sicily |
| corvus | movable bridge on Roman warships |
| Second Punic War | Hannibal led Carthaginians and elephants over the Alps to Rome |
| Hannibal Barca | Carthaginian leader who roamed Italian countryside for 15 years |
| Battle of Zama | Carthaginian city where Hannibal lost his first battle and the Second Punic War |
| Third Punic War | Romans burn Carthage and pour salt on the land |
| Corinth | Greek city-state burned by Rome |
| latifundias | large farming estates made up of several small farms |
| typhus | deadly disease common in crowded cities |
| aqueducts | system of pipes that carried water to the villages and cities |
| publicans | Roman tax collectors |
| Tiberius Gracchus | Rome's first reformer, wanted to divide up public land among the poor |
| Gaius Gracchus | younger brother of Tiberius, set price controls on wheat to benefit poor |
| General Gaius Marius | first lower class Roman to be elected consul |
| General Cornelius Sulla | marched on Rome and made himself dictator |
| dictator | absolute ruler |
| Julius Caesar | military leader, added Gaul to empire, murdered by Senate |
| Lucinius Crassus | member of first triumvirate with Caesar and Pompey |
| triumvirate | group of three people with equal power |
| First Triumvirate | Julius Caesar, Lucinius Crassus, Gnaeus Pompeius |
| Pompey | member of first triumvirate, murdered in 48 B.C. |
| Ides of March | March 15, 44 B.C. Julius Caesar murdered |
| Second Triumvirate | Octavian, Marcus Lepidus, Marcus Antonius |
| Lepidus | controlled Africa |
| Mark Antony | close ally of Julius Caesar, controlled Egypt |
| Octavian | grand nephew of Julius Caesar |
| Augustus | name taken by Octavian when he became emperor |
| 450 BCE | Roman laws written on 12 tables |
| 146 BCE | Rome in control of the Mediterranean region |
