Cadences and NCTs Tools A B passing tone approached by step-left by step in same direction neighbor tone approached by step-left by step in opposite direction suspension approached by same tone-left by step down retardation approached by same tone-left by step up appogiatura approached by leap left by step escape tone approached by step, left by leap in opposite direction neighbor group involves a combo of 2 NCTs=excape tone +appogiatura anticipation approached by step left by same tone pedal point geins as a chord and becomes an NHT as harmonies change and then is a chord tone again authentic cadence some form of V or vii followdd by I or I6 PAC root position V or V7 followed by a root postion I with 1 in the soprano over the 1 chord IAC any authentic cadence that is not a PAC DC followed by some chord other than 1 usially vi half a cadence that ends on V phrygian half iv6-V in minor plagal IV-I motive smallest identifiable musical idea phrase relatively independent musical idea terminated by a cedence constructed of tow or more disticnct portions called phrase segments repeated phrase or repeated period does not produce a new kind of formal unit and should not be confused with a period or a double period. submetrical less than a beat in duration and occuring on either accented or unaccented portions of the beat metrical one beat in duration and occurring on either accented or unaccented beats supermetrical more than one beat in duration