| A | B |
|---|
| anaphase | one part of Stage II mitosis and meiosis |
| asexual | a type of reproduction that requires ONLY ONE "PARENT" |
| binary fission | a type of asexual reproduction performed by "prokaryotic" cells (bacteria) |
| cell plate | structure formed in dividing plant cells during the "telophase"- it grows from the MIDDLE OUTWARD and joins the old cell wall |
| centrioles | organelles located near the nucleus in animal cells...at the beginning of Stage II, they move to the opposite ends or "poles" of the cell...microtubules extend from them to form "SPINDLE FIBERS" |
| centromere | the region that holds the CHROMATIDS together after the chromosome has replicated...fastens them to the "SPINDLE FIBERS" |
| chromatid | after a chromosome has "replicated"(made a copy of itself),and become a DOUBLED CHROMOSOME, this is what each identical chromosome copy is called |
| chromatin | in a "non-dividing" cell, the DNA exists as this tangled mass of thin, twisted threads...will eventually condense and coil to form visible "CHROMOSOMES" |
| chromosome | a coiled structure of DNA and proteins that form in the cell nucleus during cell division |
| crossing over | the process in which pieces of "HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES" are exchanged during the first meiotic division... allows for greater "VARIATION" in the species |
| cytokinesis | Stage III of the Cell Cycle...the division of the "CYTOPLASM" after mitosis or meiosis...creates "DAUGHTER CELLS" |
| daughter cells | term used to describe the cells formed after cell division |
| daughter chromosomes | the chromosomes of the daughter cells |
| differentiation | the series of changes that transforms "unspecialized" embryo cells into "specialized" cells, tissues, and organs that make up an "adult organism" |
| diploid | having ALL the "homologous chromosomes" that are characteristic of the species |
| fertilization | the fusion of the "nuclei" of the male and female "gametes"(sex cells-egg & sperm) |
| gametes | special "HAPLOID" cells ("germ" cells/egg & sperm)that fuse to form a "zygote" |
| germ cells | cells specialized for reproduction |
| haploid | the term used to describe the number of chromosomes in an organism's "sex cells"...it is ONE HALF the "diploid" number |
| homologous | similar...term used to describe chromosomes that have the same size and shape and carry "GENES" for the same "traits" |
| interphase | Stage I of the cell cycle...the "NON-DIVIDING" phase- sometimes called the "resting stage" |
| karyotype | a picture showing the chromosome make-up of an organism |
| meiosis | "reduction division" that produces "haploid" cells used for reproduction |
| metaphase | one part of Stage II mitosis and meiosis |
| mitosis | process by which the nucleus divides while maintaining the "diploid" chromosome number |
| mutation | some change in the correct order of an organism's DNA |
| parent cell | what the "original" cell is called |
| prophase | one part of Stage II mitosis and meiosis |
| sexual | reproduction involving TWO PARENTS |
| sex cells | cells used to reproduce a new organism...female/"egg"- male/"sperm" |
| sister chromosomes | what a parent cell's chromosomes are called |
| somatic cells | regular "body cells"...they have the "diploid" chromosome number |
| telophase | one part of Stage II mitosis and meiosis |
| tetrad | a group of 4 CHROMATIDS formed in prophase I of meiosis |
| traits | distinguishing qualities that can be passed from one generation to the next |
| zygote | formed when two "germ cells" fuse (egg & sperm) |
| spindle/spindle fibers | the double cone-shaped structure formed of "fibers" that extend from the CENTRIOLES / microtubules that form the "spindle"...the CENTROMERES of chromosomes attach to these fibers...they aid in the movement of the chromatids/chromosome pairs in anaphase of mitosis and meiosis |
