| A | B |
|---|
| geography | the study of the Earth and its landforms |
| location | one of the five themes of geography; where something is (two types: absolute and relative) |
| place | one of the five themes of geography; an area that has specific features to it (ex: Little Rock - state capitol, War Memorial Stadium) |
| movement | one of the five themes of geography; the movement of ideas, people, or goods from one place to another (ex: boats, planes, phones, internet) |
| region | one of the five themes of georgraphy; a large collection of areas that all share common characteristics or are serviced by something (ex: southwest US, Alltel, US Miltary) |
| human environmental interaction | one of the five themes of geography; the interaction between human beings and their environment; How do people depend on the environment, and how does the environment depend upon humans? How have people changes the environment to suit their needs? (ex: roads, canals, bridges, building a school by tearing down trees) |
| migration | moving from one place to another inside of a region or country (ex: from the west coast of the US to the east coast) |
| immigration | moving from one region or country to another (ex: from Ireland to the US) |
| primary industry | the production of raw materials (ex: cotton, soybeans, iron ore) |
| secondary industry | creating a finished product from raw materials for the purpose of selling it (ex: textile industry, steel) |
| tertiary industry | selling and trading of products (ex: Wal-Mart, Kroger) |
| quaternary industry | a service industry (ex: teachers, doctors, lawyers) |
| free enterprise | the opportunity to buy, sell, or trade anything, anywhere, anytime (as long as it is not legal) |
| capitalism | economic idea based upon the thought of taking profits and using them to make more of a product, in turn to make more of a profit |
| command economy | when the government is in charge of the production, sale, and price of all goods in a country (ex: communism) |
| direct democracy | when the people of a country are responsible for voting on all laws and rules directly; there are no representatives |
| monarchy | a king or a queen; rule lies in the hands of one person/one family and is passed on from generation to generation |
| republic | a government based upon representatives of the population who vote and rule on behalf of the people (ex: USA) |
| dictatorship | a government based upon one person who rules, usually with force (ex: Hitler of Germany) |
| Socrates | Greek philosopher; "Know theyself"; question everything to come to a conclusion; was found guilty of blasphemy and the delinquency of minors; was forced to commit suicide by drinking hemlock |
| Plato | student of Socrates; wrote "The Republic"; studied different forms of government in Greece; stated the best government was one run by philosophers, and the worst government was a democracy |
| Aristotle | student of Plato; tutor to Alexander the Great; scientific method; wrote volumes of books on plants and animals |
| Alexander the Great | conqueror of most of Europe and Southwest Asia; spread Greek culture everywhere; built cities named after himself; built libraries that had Greek artifacts |
| Constantine | Eastern Roman emperor; moved the capital of the empire from Rome to Constantinople; made Christianity legal in the empire and became Christian on his deathbed |
| Renaissance | means "rebirth"; the return of education and art |
| humanism | the return to the classical writings, philosophies, art, and culture of the ancient Greek and Roman days |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Italian Renaissance writer; wrote "The Prince"; perception is not reality; leaders need to appear sweet/nice/caring, but in reality they should be harsh and cruel |
| "The Prince" | book written by Niccolo Machiavelli; leaders need to appear sweet/nice/caring, but in reality they should be harsh and cruel |
| Michelangelo | Italian artist; sculpted "David"; painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Italian artist and scientist; painted the "Mona Lisa"; created the helicopter and parachute |
| Johannes Gutenberg | German inventor who created the printing press |
| Martin Luther | German Catholic monk who wrote the 96 Theses on the wrong-doings of the Church; believed that faith alone is what got people to Heaven; was excommunicated; a leader of the Catholic Reformation |
| John Calvin | Protestant who believed in predestination; before you are even born, God has chosen whether you are going to Heaven or Hell |
| Council of Trent | meeting of Church officials during the Catholic Reformation to discuss and define the doctrine of the Catholic Church and to stop the abuses that led to the Protestant Reformation |
| Ignatius Loyola | created the Jesuits; blindly obedient to the Pope and the Catholic Church; went around Europe trying to convert Protestants back to Catholicism; created schools for teaching Church doctrine and trades |
| Prince Henry | the Navigator; Portuguese prince who established a school for navigation in order to help captains use new sailing techniques |
| Bartholomeu Diaz | the first European to reach the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa; forced to turn around by his own crew |
| Vasco de Gama | the first European to go around the Cape of Good Hope, along the eastern coast of Africa, and make it to India |
| Christopher Columbus | traveled west to reach the east; found the new land of the Americas |
| King Ferdinand/Queen Isabella | absolute monarchs of Spain; destroyed nobles' castles and took complete control of Spain; funded Columbus' trip to the west |
| Ferdinand Magellan | first person to circumnavigate the Earth; died somewhere in the Philippines, but one of his ships finally made it back to Spain |
| Galileo | believed in the heliocentric theory; wrote a book but was condemned by the Catholic Church and the Pope; was put on trial and was forced to recant all of his beliefs |
| geocentric theory | Earth is the center of the universe |
| heliocentric theory | the Sun is the center of the universe |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Italian astronomer; the first to believe in the heliocentric theory; did not have the math to prove it; was too afraid to write a book about his findings because of the Church; the book was published after his death |
| Johannes Kepler | German astronomer; used math to prove the heliocentric theory and that the planets move in ellipses around the Sun |
| Francis Bacon | English scientists; created the Scientific Method; believed that if scientists could use a strict order of experimentation, that science could end a lot of the problems of the world |
| Renes Descartes | French scientist and philosopher; believed that nothing was true until proven; the only thing that he knew was true was "I think, therefore I am." |
| Isaac Newton | English scientist; used calculus to prove the heliocentric theory and the reasons for the planetary movements around the Sun; his three laws of inertia are still used in Physics |
| Philip II | absolute monarch of Spain; built the Spanish Armada to attack England |
| Spanish Armada | built by Philip II of Spain; 130 ships sent to the Netherlands to pick up soldiers so that Spain coud invade England |
| Henry VIII | absolute monarch of England; removed the Catholic Church from England and created his own Church with him as the head; took the Church land and money and gave himself more power |
| Elizabeth I | daughter of Henry VIII; Queen of England; defeated Philip II of Spain and the Spanish Armada; killed Mary Queen of Scots because she was plotting against her (the English Queen) |
| Mary Queen of Scots | cousin of Elizabeth I; Queen of Scotland; persecuted Protestants, killing hundreds of them; was executed by Elizabeth I for plotting to kill her |
| Cardinal Richelieu | chief minister of France during Louis XIII's reign; took complete control of France on behalf of the king; defeated nobles and got France involved in the 30 Years' War with the German states |
| Louis XIV | "The Sun King"; created the Palace at Versailles; gained more power in the country and expanded the French territory |
