| A | B |
|---|
| illuminated manuscripts | written by monks/nuns to preserve information |
| Battle of Hastings | led to William being crowned King of England |
| Norman Conquest | aka Battle of Hastings |
| Bayeux Tapestry | illustration of Battle of Hastings |
| Domesday Book | census of William the Conqueror to determine his land's wealth |
| Thomas Becket | Archbishop of Canterbury; killed by Henry II's knights |
| Archbishop of Canterbury | head of the Church of England |
| Common Law | laws that all citizens (including nobles) were subject to follow; established by Henry II |
| Harold | Edward the Confessor's brother-in-law; tried to rule England |
| Magna Carta | limited the power of monarchs and gave citizens in England rights, such as trial by jury |
| English Parliament | Established under King Edward I |
| John | English king forced to sign Magna Carta to prevent being overthrown |
| Crusade #1 | Christians lost Constantinople; Christians win control of Jerusalem |
| Crusade #2 | Muslim Zengi captures Edessa; Christians fail to capture any land, including Constantinople |
| Crusade #3 | The "Kings' Crusade"; Christians win control of Acre |
| Crusade #4 | Venitians ransack Constantinople in an attempt to take over the area |
| Charlemagne | Strong emperor; termporarily united Western Europe; his death led to the start of the Middle Ages |
| Harold | Lost Battle of Hastings and control of England |
| William the Conqueror | Duke of Normandy; won the Battle of Hastings |
| Henry II | Established Common Law in England |
| John | Weak English king forced to sign the Magna Carta |
| Edward I | He created English Parliament to serve as advisory council |
| Hugh Capet | Count of Paris elected become King of France; increased French royal power |
| Philip Augustus (Philip II) | French king who participated in Third Crusade; increased French lands |
| Louis IX | Expanded royal French courts |
| Philip IV | Tried to tax clergy; fought with Pope |
| Urban II | Pope who called for First Crusade, exclaiming "Deus lo volt!" |
| "Deus lo volt!" | "God wills it!" - Crusader cry - justified attacking the Holy Land |
| Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, Acre, Jerusalem | The Crusader States (created post-First Crusade) |
| Gregory VIII | Pope who called for the Third Crusade |
| Innocent III | Pope who called for Fourth Crusade |
| Otto I | Holy Roman Empire emperor; had close ties with church for stopping uprising in Rome |
| Henry IV | Holy Roman Empire emperor; disagreed with Pope about appointing people as Church officials |
| Frederick I | Holy Roman Empire emperor; participated in Third Crusade ("Kings' Crusade") |
| Frederick II | Holy Roman Empire emperor; his lack of leadership led to HRE fracturing into pieces |
| Constitutions of Clarendon | document that ended dispute between Henry II and Thomas Becket about court jurisdiction |
| ecclesiastical jurisdiction | Thomas Becket's desire for how clergypeople would be tried: in canon/church court |
| Claremont, France | location of speech calling for First Crusade |
| vassal | in feudalism, the person "below" you to whom you provided protection |
| lord | in feudalism, the person "above" you to whom you provided services, money or labor |
| Battle of Tours | Charles Martel stopped the Muslim invasion into Western Europe |
| Treaty of Verdun | split up Charlemagne's territory after his death |
| Hardrada | Battled for throne of England in York against Harold |
