| A | B |
|---|
| Era of Good Feelings | nickname for the time of peace that the US enjoyed in the years after the War of 1812 |
| James Monroe | Republican who was president for two terms (1816, 1820) and helped resolve several conflicts with foreign powers |
| Treaty of Ghent | treaty which ended the War of 1812 with Britain |
| Rush-Bagot Agreement | compromise between the US and British Canada which limited naval power on the Great lakes for both countries |
| Richard Rush | US Secretary of State who negotiated the treaty between the US and British Canada |
| Convention of 1818 | a treaty which gave the United States fishing rights off parts of the Newfoundland and Labrador coasts; it also set the border between the US and Canada at the 49th Parallel |
| John Quincy Adams | US Secretary of State who held talks with Spanish diplomat Luis de Onis about allowing American settlers into Florida |
| General Andrew Jackson | general sent by President Monroe to secure the Florida border; began the First Seminole War in which he also fought the Spanish; he took over most of Spain's important military posts and overthrew the governor Florida without a direct order from the President |
| Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 | treaty in which Spain gave East Florida to the US and gave up its claims to West Florida; the US gave up claims to Texas |
| Simon Bolivar | Latin American revolutionary fighter who led many of the struggles against Spanish Rule in Central and South America |
| The Liberator | nickname for Simon Bolivar |
| Monroe Doctrine | policy stating that foreign powers should not create new colonies in North and South America; the US would view any European interference with Latin American governments as a hostile act |
| Henry Clay | Kentucky representative who helped Congress reach the Missouri Compromise; eventually became speaker of the House and Secretary of State |
| Missouri Compromise | agreement which had three main conditions: 1) Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state, 2) Maine would join the Union as a free state, 3) Slavery would be prohibited in any new territories or states formed north of 36/30' latitude (Missouri's southern border) |
| The Great Pacificator | nickname for Henry Clay |
| American System | Henry Clay's plan in which tarrif revenue would be used to improve transportation routes, connecting the regions of the US and making trade easier |
| Cumberland Road | the first road built by the federal government, running from Cumberland, MO, to Wheeling, WV |
| National Road | an extention of the first road, which stretched to Columbus, Ohio |
| Erie Canal | one of the largest projects of canal construction in the US, running from Albany to Buffalo, NY, costing NY taxpayers millions of dollars but proving to be worth the expense |
| John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jacksons | Republican candicates who ran for US President in 1824 |
| John Quincy Adams | President chosen by the House of Representatives |
| Andrew Jackson | man who won the 1824 Presidential Election by popular vote yet not by electoral vote |
| Henry Clay | man chosen by the 1824 President to be Secretary of State, sparking accusations of a corrupt election |
| nominating conventions | public meetings held by some political parties to select the party's presidential and vice-presidential candidates |
| Jacksonian Democracy | name for the democratic expansion in the 1800's, where people became more active in politics by expanded voting rights and conventions |
| Democratic Party | the supporting political party of Andrew Jackson |
| National Republicans | the supporting political party of President John Quincy Adams |
| John C. Calhoun | Senator of South Carolina who was chosen by Andrew Jackson as his vice-presidential running mate |
| Andrew Jackson/John C. Calhoun | winners of the US presidential election of 1828 |
| spoils system | politicians' practice of giving government jobs to their supporters |
| Martin Van Buren | Secretary of State under President Jackson who was one of his strongest allies in his official cabinet |
| kitchen cabinet | the nickname for President Jackson's informal group of trusted advisors |
| Tariff of Abominations | nickname that angry southerners had for the law Congress passed in 1828 which had a tariff with very high rates |
| states' rights | the belief that the federal government's authority is strictly limited by the Constitution |
| nullification crisis | the dispute between the state and federal governments over the state's right to cancel a seemingly unconsitutional law |
| Daniel Webster | Massachusetts senator who disagreed with states' rights and said, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseperable!" |
| John C. Calhoun | politician who opposed the tariff, supported states' rights, and stated that states had the right to rebel if their rights were violated; resigned from his office in support of South Carolina's effort to refuse the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 |
| Second Bank of the United States | bank founded by Congress in 1816 |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | Supreme Court case in which a cashier of the Second Band refused to pay the state tax |
| John Marshall | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who led the decision to support the Bank's constitutionality |
| Whig Party | political party formed by a group of Jackson opponents who supported the idea of a weak president and a strong legislature |
| Martin Van Buren | Democratic candidate and former vice president under Andrew Jackson who won the election of 1836 |
| Panic of 1837 | financial crisis which led to a severe economic depression |
| William Henry Harrison | a general from the Battle of Tippecanoe who ran as a Whig candidate for president in 1840 |
| "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" | the popular campaign slogan for William Henry Harrison's run for President |
| Black Hawk | Sauk Indian leader who ignored the removal policy and fought against US troops, eventually surrendering |
| Indian Removal Act | act passed by Congress in 1830 which authorized the expulsion of American Indians who lived east of the Mississippi River |
| Indian Territory | the area in mostly present-day Oklahoma which was established by Congress as a new Indian homeland |
| Bureau of Indian Affairs | organization created by Congress to oversee federal policy toward American Indians |
| Choctaw | the first American Indians sent to Indian Territory; due to lack of food and supplies, almost 1/4 of them died of cold, disease, and starvation |
| Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek | treaty signed by Choctaw leaders which gave more than 7.5 million acres of their land to the state of Mississippi |
| Sequoya | Cherokee Indian who developed a writing system that used 86 characters to represent Cherokee syllables |
| Cherokee Phoenix | the Cherokee newspaper that was printed in both English and Cherokee |
| John Ross | a successful plantation owner who was elected as the first principal chief of the Cherokee |
| Worcester v. Georgia | Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that only the federal government, not the states, had authority over the Cherokee |
| Trail of Tears | the Cherokee Indian's 800-mile forced march, which lasted from 1838 to 1839 and resulted in the deaths of almost 1/4 of the 18,000 Cherokee on the march |
| Osceola | Seminole leader who called upon his people to resist removal from Florida by force, beginning the Second Seminole War, resulting in the US giving up the fight |
| William Wird | Virginia politician who published a popular biography of Revolutionary leader Patrick Henry, making him a hero |
| Washington Irving | one of the first American writers who often wrote humorous stories, using a style of writing called satire |
| "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" | the two best-known short stories of Washington Irving |
| James Fenimore Cooper | one of the best known of the American writers exploring new styles, writing stories about the West and the American Indians |
| The Pioneers | novel which was the first of five books by James Fenimore Cooper which featured the heroic character Natty Bumppo |
| The Leatherstocking Tales | the name of the five book series by James Fenimore Cooper |
| The Last of the Mohicans | fictional novel by James Fenimore Cooper |
| Catharine Maria Sedgwick | female author of historical fiction who wrote six books which taught people about America while entertaining them |
| "A New England Tale" and "Hope Leslie" | popular novels by Catharine Maria Sedgwick |
| Hudson River School | a group of artists which primarily painted landscapes |
| Thomas Cole | leader of the Hudson River School of painters who encouraged other American artists to show the beauty of nature |
| George Caleb Bingham | American artist who tried to show the ruggedness of the West |
