| A | B |
|---|
| developmental psychology | the study of the changes that occur in people from birth to old age |
| prenatal development | development from conception to birth |
| zygote | conception to 2 weeks |
| embryo | developing human between 2 weeks and 3 months |
| fetus | developing human between 3 months and birth |
| placenta | organ that nourishes developing newborn |
| critical period | time when certain internal and external influences have a major effect on development |
| rooting reflex | baby turns it's head toward something touching its check |
| sucking reflex | newborn sucks on objects placed in its mouth |
| swallowing reflex | newborns swallow without choking |
| grasping reflex | allows newborns to close their fists around things |
| stepping reflex | newborn takes steps when they are held upright and their feet touch a surface |
| temperment | describes the physical/emotional chaacteristics of the newborn child and young infant |
| types of temperment | easy, difficult, slow to warm up |
| newborn vision | fuzzy, prefers faces and black and white visuals |
| visual cliff | whows that infants of crawling age (6 months) can perceive depth |
| newborn sound | can hear in womb, prefers mothers voice, rhythm |
| developmental norms | ages by which an average child achieves various developmental milestones |
| infant physical development | fast growth until 1 year... then slow until adolescence. baby born with 3/4 of adult brain. |
| jean piaget | studied cognitive development |
| sensory motor stage | birth- 2 years newborn develops object permanence and acquires the ability to form mental representations. |
| object pemanence | concept that things continue to exist even when they are out of sight |
| preoperational stage | 2-7 years... use mental representations and language to describe, remember, and reason about the world |
| egocentric | unable to see things from anothers point of view |
| concrete operational stage | 7-11 years... can do more that one thing at a time and understand someones else's point of view, thinking is limited to concrete matters |
| formal operational stage | 11-15 years... individual becomes capable of abstract thought |
| Lawrence Kohlberg | studied the theories of moral development |
| babbling | babys language that consists of repetition of consonanat-vowel combinations |
| holophrases | one word sentences, commonly used by children under 2 years |
| Language acquisition device | theory of Noam Chomsky that says that language is "wired into" all humans |
| imprinting | newborn animals will follow the first moving thing is sees after its born |
| attachment | emotional bond that develops in the first year fo life that makes human babies cling to their caregivers for safety and comfort |
| socialization | process by which children learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family and their culture |
| solitary play | plays alone |
| parallel play | plays side by side at the same activities. paying little or no attention to each other |
| cooperative play | two or more children engaged in play that requires interaction |
| peer groups | network of same-aged friends who give emotional and social support |
| gender identity | a littles girls knowledge that she is a girl, and a boys knowledge that he is a boy |
| gender constancy | child realizes gender cannot be changed |
| gender roles | what behavior is appropriate for each gender |
| gender stereotypes | what characteristics society associates to gener |
| media and television | impacts children positively and negatively |
| growth spurt | rapid increase in height and weight that occurs during adolescence |
| puberty | onset of sexual maturation accompanys physical development |
| imaginary audience | term of adolescents' delusion that they are constantly being observed by others |
| personal fable | term for adolescents' delusion that they are unique, very important and invulnerable |
| identity formation | Ericksons term in development that we transition from dependance on others to dependance on self |
| identity crisis | period of intense self examination and decision making... part of the process of identity formation |
| cliques | groups of adolescents with similar interests and strong mutual attachment |
| problems of adolescence | decline in self esteem, depression and suicide |
| componants of adulthood | love, partnerships and parenting |
| midlife crisis | time when adults discover they no longer fell fulfilled in their jobs or personal lives and attempt to make a shift in career or lifestyle |
| midlife transition | where adults assess the past and formulate new goals for the future |
| menopause | time in a womans life when menstration ceases |
| alzheimer's disease | disorder common in late adulthood there is a progressive loss of memory and cognistion and changes in personality |
| stages of death and dying | denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance |
| B.F. skinner | believed in rewards and punishments for certain behaviors |
| empty nest syndrom | when children move out of the house and leave the parents alone |
| Autoritarian Parents | control childrens behavior rigidly, very strict |
| Permissive Parents | use very little control and disapline |
| Authoritative Parents | firm structure and guidance without being to controling. |
| APGAR | tests given to newborns that looka at the activity, pulse, grimace, appearance and respiration |
| nature vs. nurture debate | how much does your genetics or environment influence your personality |
