Ch. 6: Ancient Rome Tools A B Etruscans original inhabitants of northern Italy Latins original inhabitants of central Italy; will become Romans Greeks original inhabitants of southern Italy Rome city on Tiber River; will first have a Republic, then an Empire republic a government in which citizens elect representatives who vote for them in government patrician Roman aristocrat plebeian Roman citizen who is not an aristocrat Senate most powerful governmental legislative body legislative branch of government passes laws executive branch of government runs government from day to day; enforces laws passed by legislative body consul one of a two man team of patricians who led the government of Rome senator patrician; elected to serve for life tribune "court-appointed attorney"; patrician chosen to represent the plebeians Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus brothers, tribunes; killed because they stood up for the plebeians so well legion army formation of 6000 men legionaire soldier in Roman army mythology of founding of Rome story of Romulus and Remus Etruscan gifts adopted by Romans brick and tile buildings; planned cities; drained swamps; Forum; arch, alphabet arch rounded doorway design used by Romans "imitators of culture" nickname for Romans dictator appointed position for 6 months to bring needed change to government tasks of the Senate advise consuls, debate foreign policy, propose laws, approve money to be spent Twelve Tables written law of Rome posted at the Forum Forum central plaza; home of business & government rights gained by plebeians marry patricians, serve in public office, end of debt slavery Roman gods and goddesses adopted from Etruscans and Greeks How did Romans link empire together? excellent roads Carthage major rival of Rome for trade in Mediterranean Punic Wars 3 of them; between Rome & Carthage; Rome won Hamilcar Carthagian general; lost First Punic War grappling hooks allowed Romans to turn naval battle into hand-to-hand combat indemnities high payments paid by loser to winner after a way Hannibal son of Hamilcar; Carthagian general; elephants across Alps Scipio attacked Carthage to force Hannibal out of Italy "salted earth policy" sowing salt in earth of Carthage so that nothing would grow there for centuries Roman treatment of provinces plundered wealth from them; robbed treasuries; charged tribute gold, grain, slaves "prizes of empire" which destroyed Roman economy inflation time of quickly rising prices and falling value of goods latifundia huge estates (with slaves) owned by patricians; small farmers could not compete Roman Army became professional, but allegiance was to commander (who paid salary), not to Rome triumvirate 3-man team ruling government as equals Julius Caesar patrician; declared himself "dictator for life"; assassinated "crossing the Rubicon" Caesar did this in defiance of Senate orders; also means taking a step which cannot be undone; Julius Caesar's changes for Rome land for the poor, jobs for unemployed, more people citizens, new calendar July month added to calendar named after Julius Caesar August month added to calendar named after Augustus Octavian Caesar's nephew & heir; also known as Augustus and Octavian Agustus Augustus translated to "the Supreme One" Who stabbed Caesar in the Senate Hall? his friends, Senators who feared his leadership Cleopatra Queen of Egypt; flirted with Caesar; married Mark Anthony and committed suicide with him Nero crazy; pyromanic; "fiddled while Rome burned" Marcus Aurelius brought Empire to height of economic prosperity Trajan emperor; under him Empire reached greatest size Hadrian strengthened fortifications on borders to keep Empire strong Roman legal code basis for western law (including US) Pax Romana Peace of Rome (200 years of peace/prosperity throughout Roman world unemployed in Rome fed on free bread and entertained so they would not rebel cement new building material developed to allow huge buildings Pantheon temple (still standing) devoted to honoring all the Roman dieties Latin official language of Rome trade within Empire raw material flowed to Rome; manufactured goods sent to provinces freedom of religion allowed in Roman Empire, as long as you would worship the Emperor, too worship the Emperor to pay your taxes and pray publically to Emperor Hebrews willing to pay taxes; would not worship Emperor nor serve in military Christianity at first, a sect of Judaism for a non-Jew to become a Christian first step for males was circumcision Messiah coming savior long awaited by Jewish people yeshiva Jewish religious school Talmud Jewish religious book; legal interpretation of the Torah apostle carriers of the word disciple student; being taught by a master Jewish religion of Jesus throughout his entire life Christian name given to followers of Jesus after his death/resurrection Pontius Pilate Roman governor; carried out crucifiction in order to maintain peace in Jewish province Paul carried word of Jesus to Gentiles (non-Jews) Peter Christ founded Christian Church on his faith martyr person executed for his faith Constantine Roman Emperor; made Christianity legal; eventually converted at deathbed hierarchy level of organization with different tasks for each level bishop Church office below Pope and above priests ordained churchmen priests, bishops, Pope Greek (Eastern) Orthodox Church split from Catholic Church; we still share the sacrements Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western Empires Constantine tried to save Empire; failed 476 A.D. fall of the western part of Roman Empire; beginning of Dark Ages in Europe