| A | B |
|---|
| Bad Tendency Doctrine | Speech need only be likely to lead to negative consequences, in Congress's judgement for it to be illegal |
| Civil Liberties | Freedoms guaranteed to all Americans in the Bill of Rights(and the body of the Constitution) |
| Clear and Present Danger Standard | Doctrine that Congress may limit speech if it causes a clear and present danger to the interests of the country |
| Establishment Clause | Provision that the First Amendment of the Constitution that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion" |
| Exclusionary Rule | Doctrine from the 4th Amendment stating that govt cannot use illegally obtained evidence in court |
| Free Exercise Clause | Provision of the First Amendment of the Constitution that "Congress shall make no law...prohibiting the free exercise" of religion |
| Incitement Standard | Doctrine that speech must cause listeners to be likely to commit immediate illegal acts for the speech itself to be illegal |
| Libel Law | Laws governing written or visual publications that unjustly injure a person's reputation |
| Miranda Rights | Rights against self-incrimination that the Fifth Amendment guarantees |
| Obscenity Law | Laws governing materials whose predominant appeal is to a prurient interest in sex, nudity, or bodily function |
| Original Intent | Theory that judges should interpret the Constitution by determining what the founders intended when they wrote it |
| Pentagon Papers | A set of secret documents (1971) showing that Pres. Johnson, and Kennedy mislead the public about U.S. involvement in Vietnam |
| Prior Restraint | Act of government preventing publication or broadcast of a story or document |
| Roe v. Wade | 1973 Supreme Court decision that a woman's right to privacy prevents states from barring her from having an abortion during the fist trimester of pregnancy |
| Schenck v US | 1919 case siting the "Clear and Present Danger test" where every act must be judged according to the circumstances |
| Gitlow v New York | 1925 Supreme Court case where the majority court asserted for the first time the guarantees in the Bill of Rights also apply to the states because of the 14th Amendment |
| US v Curtiss-Wright Export Corp | 1936 Supreme Court ruling: Court stated that the president has a "degree of discretion and freedom from statutory restriction which would not be admissible where domestic affairs alone are involved." |
| Mapp v Ohio | 1961 Supreme Court Case extending the 14th Amendment to protect citizens against state infringement; unreasonable search and seizure (case foundation) |
| Gideon v Wainwright | 1963 Supreme Court case based on the right to counsel when arrested |
| Escobedo v Illinois | 1964 Supreme Court case ruling that a lawyer may be present by request of the arrested person during police interrigation |
| Engel v Vitale | 1962 Supreme Court case struck down a prayer composed by the NY State Board of Regents; ended the reciting of the Lord's Prayer and the daily reading of Bible verses in public schools; 'Religion is a personal matter, govt is a public matter." |
| Baker v Carr | 1962 Supreme Court case ending the old practice of apportioning legislative districts to overrepresent rural areas; Boundaries for representation must reflect "one man, one vote" principle. |
| Heart of Atlanta Motel v US | 1964 Supreme Court case involving discrimination in public accommodations, or areas frequented by the pubic--ended the right that a proprietor had the right to refuse service on the basis of race in his own establishment |
| Swan v Charlotte-Mecklenburg BOE | 1971 Supreme Court case allowing the governmnet to sanction any method to achieve desegregation including busing, redrawing district boundary lines, racial balancing, etc, ending 17 yrs. of Southern legal subterfuge to avoid enforcing Brown v BOE |
| Bakke v Board of Regents | 1978 Supreme Court decision preventing universities from using race to ensure a diverse student body |
| Reed v Reed | 1971 Supreme Court case based on sexual discrimination overturning an Idaho law giving fathers preference in child custody over the mother; "The state law had to serve 'a compelling govt interest' in differentiating between men and women. |
| Affirmative Action | Programs designed to take positive actions to increase the number of women and minorities in jobs and educational programs |
| Americans w/Disabilities Act of 1990 | Seeks to minimize job discrimination and maximize access to govt programs ensuring access to public accommodations for people w/disabilities |
| Brown v BOE | Landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision holding that separate but equal was not equal and that public schools must be desegregated |
| Brown v BOE II-1955 | Supreme Court decision that the nation's entrenched system of segregated schools should desegregate w/all deliberate speed |
| Civil Disobedience | Nonviolent refusal to obey what one perceives to be unjust laws |
| CIvil Rights | Equality of rights for all people regardless of race, sex, ethnicity, religion, and sexual orientation; Rooted in the courts interpretation of the 14th Amendment and the laws Congress and state legislatures pass |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Act of Congress outlawing racial segregation in public accommodations and employment and prevents tax dollars from going to organizations that discriminate on the basis of race, color, or national origin |
| De Facto Segregation | Segregation that results from the actions of individuals rather than the govt |
| De Jure Segregation | Govt-imposed laws that require African Americans to live and work separately from white Ameircans |
| Equal Pay Act of 1963 | Act of Congress that banned wage discrimination to people based on sex, race, religion, or national origin |
| Intermediate Scrutiny | Legal standard for judging whethera discriminatory law is unconstitutional |
| Jim Crow Laws | Laws discriminating against African Americans usually by enforcing segregation |
| Lynching | Unlawful killing usually by hanging, of a person by a mob |
| Massive Resistance | Policy many Southerner states followed in the wake of the first Brown decision of fiercely resisting desegregation |
| Rationl Scrutiny | Legal standard for judging whether a discriminatory law is unconstitutional requiring the govt to show that a law is reasonable and not arbitrary |
| Reverse Discrimination | Laws and policies that discriminate against whites(especially white males) |
| Separate-but-equal Standard | Now-rejected Supreme Court doctrine that separation of the races was acceptable so long as each race was treated equally; Plessy v Ferguson case |
| Strict Scrunity | Legal standard for judging whether a discriminatory law is unconstitutional requires the govt to show a compelling reason for a discriminating law |
| Suffrage | Right to vote |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Congressional act barring states from creating voting and registration practices that discriminate against African Americans and other minorities |
| Women's Movement | Mobilization of people to push for equality between the sexes |
| Texas v Johnson 1989; US v Eichman 1990 | Supreme Court declared unconstitutional a federal flag-desecration law violating the exercise of freedom of speech |
