| A | B |
|---|
| Charlemagne | built an empire across France, Germany, and Italy |
| Roman Catholic Church | the western Christian church led by the pope |
| feudalism | system of landholdings shared among the lords |
| vassal | a lesser lord granted land |
| fief | the estate given to the vassal |
| knight | mounted warrior |
| chivalry | knight's code of conduct |
| manor | lord's estate |
| serf | peasant workers bound to the land |
| secular | non-religious |
| guild | merchant associations |
| Magna Carta | an English document requiring the monarchy to follow set rules |
| Holy Roman Empire | European countries whose emperors were crowned by the pope |
| Black Death | Bubonic plague |
| common law | law that is the same for all people |
| jury | group of men who determined what cases came to trial |
| excommunication | severed from church membership |
| sacraments | sacred rituals of the church |
| crusades | wars fought between Christians and Muslims |
| vernacular | common language of the people |
| Constantinople | key trade city of the Byzantine Empire |
| Justinian | famous Byzantine emperor who developed a code of laws |
| Kiev | city in the Ukraine that became the center of the first Russian state |
| Ivan III | great Russian ruler of the 1400s |
| schism | permanent split |
| czar | Russian title for ruler |
| ethnic group | people group who share language and cultural heritage |
| Muhammad | prophet of Islam |
| Baghdad | center of Muslim learning |
| Mughal dynasty | ruling family of India in 1500-1800s |
| Ottoman empire | Turkish empire spread across Asia Minor and the Balkans |
| hajj | pilgrimage to Mecca |
| caliph | successor to Muhammad |
| mosque | Muslim church with a dome |
| sultan | Turkish ruler |
| Bantu migrations | west African people moving to populate southern Africa |
| Nubia | powerful kingdom south of Egypt |
| Ghana | western African kingdom known for gold trade |
| Mansa Musa | great emperor of Mali in 1300s |
| Axum | ancient Christian kingdom that became Ethiopia |
| nuclear family | typical family structure with two parents and children |
| griots | West African poets |
| Tang | Chinese dynasty 600-900s |
| Song | Chinese dynasty 900-1200s |
| Mongols | ruled China 1200-1300s |
| Ming | Chinese dynasty after mid-1300s |
| Tokugawa | ruled Japan in 1600-mid-1800s |
| tributary state | a state that has to pay tribute |
| shogun | Japanese supreme military commander |
| daimyo | Japanese warrior lords |
| samurai | Japanese lesser war lords |
