| A | B |
|---|
| Missouri Compromise | 1820 agreement that divided the Louisiana Purchase territory between slave and free states |
| Secession | The act of a state leaving the Union |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln issued this to free slaves in states still in rebellion and to allow blacks to fight for the Union |
| Reconstruction | Era after the Civil War when the seceded states were brought back into the Union |
| Equality of Condidtion | Equality in all aspects of life, such as personal possessions, living standards, medical care, adn working conditions |
| Incorporation | The process through which the Supreme Court applied the due process clause of the 14th A. to extend the protections of the Bill of Rights against state interference |
| Selective Incorporation | The selective application of the protection of the federal Bill of Rights to the states |
| Sit-ins | Nonviolent demonstrations in which people protesting against certain conditions refuse to move from a place until their demands are met |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | Attempted to protect the rights of freed slaves following the Civil War; the president refuesed to enforce it and Supreme Court refused to hear cases about it |
| Civil Rights Act of 1875 | Gave the federal government the power to enforce protections of citizens' rights under the 14th A. NOt enforced by the president and declared unconstitutional by the S.C. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Designed to protect the rights of individuals to fair treatment by private persons, groups, organizations, businesses, and government; pushed by JFK and LBJ |
| Commerce clause | Gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states; has been used to ban racial discrimination |
| Suffrage | The right to vote |
| Franchise | The right to vote |
| Black Codes | Regulations passed by Southern state governments during Reconstructions to limit the rights of freed slaves |
| Poll taxes | When voters were required to pay taxes before voting |
| Literacy tests | A suffrage qualification used to determine fitness for voting by means of a reading or comprehension test |
| Grandfather clauses | Laws passed by Southern states to prevent blacks from voting by requiring that a voter's grandfather had voted int he past |
| Privileges and immunities | Special rights and exemptions provided by law in Article IV and in the 14th Amendment |
| Due process of law | Protection against arbitrary deprivation of life, liberty, and property |
| Procedural due process | Refers to those clauses in the Constitution that protect people from unreasonable and unfair governemtnal procedures |
| Substantive due process | Those judicial interpretations of the cue process clauses of the Constitution that requre that the content of the laws be fair and reasonable |
| Separate but equal doctrine | The argument that separate public facilities were constitutional if they were of equal quality |
| Segregation | The separatin or isolation of a race, clas, or ethnic group from the rest of society |
| Jim Crow laws | Requred the segregation of the races |
| White Citizens Councils | Groups of white people who created private facilities to avoid racial integration in the 1950s and 1960s |
| Civil disobedience | The refusal to obey a law that is morally unjust |
| Equal Employment Opportunities Commission | Group created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to ensure equal opportunity in employment |
| Affirmative action | Plan to remedy the effects of past discrimination in employment or education and to prevent its recurrence |
| Reverse discrimination | The argument that preferential treatment programs discriminate against majority groups |
| Equal Pay Act of 1963 | Prohibited discrimination on the basis of gender in job pay |
| Equal Employment Opportunities Act of 1972 | Extended protection for women in the workplace |
| Group entitlements | Benefits provided by government to people who belong to groups receiving preferential treatment |
