Tools A B Crop rotation changing planting cycles to maintian soil nutrient levels Industrialism process of developing machine production of goods Factors of production Land, Labor, Capital Urbanization City-building and the movement of people to cities for new industrial jobs Corporation Business owned by stockholders who share in profits but are not personally respoinsible for debts Laissez-faire Economic policy of letting busines owners set conditions without government interference Adam Smith Wrote Wealth of Nations and supported free-market capitalism Capitalism Economic system in which money is invested in businesses with the goal of making a profit Socialism Economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all Karl Marx Wrote Communist Manifesto, theory that class struggle is the basis for change Communism Form of complete socialism; no more classes or government Collective bargaining Negotiations between workers and their employers Imperialism The takeover of a country or territory by a str4onger nation with the intent of dominating the politcal, economic, and social life of a nation Social Darwinism Idea of "survival of the fittest" is applied to social change; justified imperialism to Europeans based on their technological advancement Berlin Conference European nations gathered to lay down rules for the peaceful division of Africa Boers Dutch settlers in South Africa Boer War Fought between Boers and British over diamond and gold resources in S. Africa; British won, 1902 Paternalism Manner of rule where Europeans governed in a fatherly way; providing needs but denying rights Assimilation Policy based on the idea that local populations would be asborped into the imperial culture Geopolitics Interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products/resources Crimean War Russia vs. Ottomans, with the aid of Britain and France; Russians wanted warm water port Suez Canal Canal that connected the Mediterranean to the Red Sea; became "lifeline of the empire" to the British Sepoys Indian soldiers "Jewel in the Crown" India's nickname as the most valuable of all British colonies Sepoy Mutiny Rebellion based on religion, economic problems, resentment towards the British, and nationalism Raj British rule in India, 1757 - 1947 King Mongkut Reformed and modernized Siam; kept independence during imperialism Menelik II Maintained Ethiopian independence during imperialism Opium War Result: British won the port of Hong Kong sphere of influence region in which a foreign nation controls trade and investment Open Door Policy U.S. plan to keep China open to trade with all nations (protected U.S. trading rights) Boxer Rebellion Natioanlist Chinese who resented foreign influence Result of the Boxer Rebellion NATIONALISM Com. Matthew Perry Credited for "opening" Japan to western trade in 1853 China's response to imperialism Isolation Japan's response to imperialism Becoming an imperialist nation Sino-Japanese War, 1894 Japan and China fought over Korea Russo-Japanese War, 1904 Russia and Japan fought over Manchuria and Korea Latin America sells raw materials and buys manufactured goods Had little reason to develop manufacturing industry Causes of Imperialism Nationalism, economic competition, missionary zeal, Social Darwinism Effects of Imperialism Loss of political control for local peoples, European dominance of trade, World War I Indirect Control Local representation, limited self-rule, goal to develop future leaders Direct Control Foreigh officials brought in to rule, no self-rule, goal of assimilation Causes of Industrialism Agricultural revolution, creativity, inventions, factors of production Effects of Industrialism Growth of middle class, imperialism, advanced banking system, andvances in transportation, agriculture and communication, long hours, bad working conditions, urbanization, reform movements