| A | B |
|---|
| Extraocular muscles | Six muscles attach the eyeball to its orbit & serve to direct the eye to points of interest |
| Open-angle glaucoma | Affects blacks three to six times more often than whites, and is 6 times more likely to cause blindness in blacks than in whites |
| Myopia | nearsighted |
| Diplopia | Double vision |
| PERRLA | Pupils, Equal, Round, Reactive, to Light and Accomadation |
| Ptosis | Droopy eyelids |
| Glaucoma | Eye disease characterized by increased intraocular pressure |
| Floaters | Common w/ myopia or after middle age/ may occur w/ retinal detachment |
| Narrow-angle glaucoma | Halos around lights |
| Scotoma | Blind spot in the visual field surrounded by an area of of normal or decreased vision. This occurs w/ glacuoma & W/ OPTIC NERVE & visual pathway disorders. |
| Night blindness | Occurs w/ optic atrophy, gaucoma, or Vitamin A deficency |
| Photophobia | Inability to tolerate light |
| Strabismus | A deviation in the anteriorposterior axis of the eye (crosseyed) |
| Purulent | thick & yellow colored drainage |
| O.D. | Oculus Dexter, or right eye |
| Snellen eye chart | Test visual aquity/ most commonly used; normal is 20/20; the larger the denominator the poorer the vision |
| Presbyopia | the decrease in power of accomadationw/ aging |
| Near Vision | Tested w/ the Jager card; normal is 14/14 |
| Confrontation Test | Gross measure of peripheral vision; Noram results are 50 degrees superiorly, 90 degrees temporally, 60 degrees nasally, 70 degrees inferiorly |
| Extraocular Muscle Function | Corneal light reflex, Cover test, Diagnostic positions test |
| Nystagmus | Fine oscillating movement best seen around the iris. Mild nys. at extreme lateral gaze is normal; in any other position it is not. Nys occurs w/ disease of semicircular canals in the ears, a paraetic eye muscle, MS, or brain lesion |
| Lid Lag | White rim of sclera between the lid & the iris; occurs w/ hyperthyroidism |
| Exophthalmos | Protruding eyes |
| Enophthalmos | Sunken Eyes |
| Scleral Icterus | Even yellowing of the sclera extending up to the cornea indicating jaundice: Blacks may have yellow fatty deposits beneath the lids which is normal |
| Opthalmoscope | Used to inspect the ocular fundus, the diopter is the unit of strength for each lens. Blk numbers indicate a + diopter. the red numbers indicate a - diopter; use the red lens for nearsighted eyes and blk for farsighted eyes |
| Cataracts | appear as opaque blk areas against the red reflex |
| Esotropia | inward turn of the eye (corneal light reflex) |
| Exotropia | Outward turn of the eye (corneal light reflex) |
| Phoria | Mild weakness, apparent only w/ the cover test & less likely to cause amblyopia than a tropia but still possible |
| Esophoria | Nasal inward drift (cover Test) |
| Exophoria | Temporal outward drift ( cover test) |
| Periorbital Edema | Lids are swollen & puffy. Lid tissue is loosely connected so excess fluid is easily apparent. This occurs w/ local infections, crying, & systemic conditions such as congestive heart failure,. allergy, hypothyroidism (myexdema) |
| Ectropion | Lower lid is loose & rolling out, does not approximate to the eyeball. Occurs most often in aging adults but can result frm trauma |
| Entropion | Lower lid rolls in due to spasm of lids or scar tissue contarcating. Person feels a foreign body sensation |
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | Rare but occurs most often on the lower lid & medial canthus. Looks like a papule w/ an ulcerated center. |
| Blepharitis | Red, scaly, graesy flakes & thickened, crusted lid margins occur w/ staph infection or seborrheic dermatitis of the lid edge. Sx include burning, itching, tearing, foreign body sensation, & some pain |
| Chalazion | A bady nodule protruding on the lid. Nontender, firm, discrete swelling w/ freely movable skin overlying the nodule. If it becomes inflamed, it points inside & not on lid margin |
| Hordeolum (stye) | Localized staph infection of the hair follicles at the lid margin. It is painful, red, & swollen - pustule at the lid margin. Rubbing the eyes can cause cross-contamination & devlp of another stye. |
| Dacryocystitis (inflamation of the lacrimal sac) | Infection & blockage of lacrimal sac & duct. Pain, warmth, redness, swelling occur below the inner canthus toward nose. Tearing is present. Pressure on sac yields purulent discharge frm puncta. |
| Dacryoadenitis (inflamation of the lacrimal gland) | Pain, swelling, redness occur in the outer third of the upper lid. Occurs w/ mumps, measles, & infectious mono, or from trauma |
| Conjunctivitis | infection of the conjunctiva-pink eye. Due to bacterial or viral infection, allergy, or chemical irritation. |
| Subconjunctival Hemorrhage | Red patch on the sclera, looks alarming but is usually not serious. Occurs frm intraocular pressure frm caughing, sneezing, weight lifting, labor, straining at stool, or trauma |
| Iritis (circumcorneal redness) | Deep dull red halo around iris & cornea. Pupil shape may be irregular frm swelling of iris. Person also has marked photophobia, contricted pupil, blurred vision, & throbbing pain. Warrants immed. referral. |
| Hyphema | Blood in anterior chamber is a serious result of trauma or spontaneous hemorrhage. Suspect sclera ruture, or major intraocular trauma. Gravity settles blood |
| Constricted & fixed pupils-Miosis | Occurs w/ the use of pilocarpine drops for glaucoma treatment, the use of narcotics. w/ iritis, & w/ brain damage of pons. |
| Dilated & fixed pupils-Mydriasis | Enlarged pupils occur w/ stimulation of the symp. nervous system. rxn to drugs, dilating drops, acute glaucoma, past or recent trauma. Also, CNS injury, circulatory arrest. or deep anesthesia. |
| Argyll Robertson Pupil | No rxn to light, pupil does not constrict w/ accomadation. Small irregular bilaterally. Occurs w/ syphilis, brain tumor, meningitis, & chronic alcoholism. |
| Tonic pupil (Adie's pupil) | Sluggish rxn to light and accomadation. Usually unilateral, a large regular pupil that does not react. No pathologic signifigance. |
| Horner's Syndrome | Unilateral, small, reg pupil does react to light & accomidation. A lesion of the sympathetic nerve. Note ptosis & abscence of sweat on same side. |
