| A | B |
|---|
| What did the Indo-Europeans do for their livelihood? | They herded cattle, sheet, goats, tamed horses. They also rode in chariots. |
| What current languages comprise the Indo-European language family? | English, Sanskrit, Persian, Spanish, German |
| What are steppes? | dry grasslands |
| What are the theories regarding why the the Indo-Europeans migrated? | Grazing land may have dried up; population may have gotten too big to feed; may have tried escaping invaders |
| When did the mass migrations of Indo-Europeans occur? | between 1700 and 1200 B.C. |
| Where did the Hittites settle? | In the modern area called Turkey; area then called Anatolia. |
| What did the treaty between egypt and the Hittites say? | Neither could beat the other to control northern Syria, so they agreed to help the other fight off future invaders! |
| Why did the Hittites speak Akkadian when dealing internationally? | The language of the Babylonians (Akkadian) was widely spoken in Mesopotamia & Babylonian culture was more advanced; Hittites blended traditions & spread innovative ideas. |
| How did the Hittite legal code differ from Hammurabi's Code? | The Hittite code was less severe (i.e., murderers weren't automatically put to death, as they could give their own child or a slave to the victim's family. |
| What vehicle helped the Hittites overcome numerous enemies? | Their lightweight chariot was easy to maneuver at high speeds. |
| The Hittites had superior weapons; how were they made? | The Hittites were the first to smelt iron & harden it into weapons of war. |
| When did the Hittite empire fall? | It fell in 1190 B.C. |
| Where did the Aryans settle? | They crossed the NW mountain passes into the Indus River Valley of India. |
| What are The Vedas? | 4 collections of prayers, magical spells, and instructions for performing rituals; most important one=Rig Veda with 1028 hymns to Aryan gods. |
| Why was accuracy important when Aryans prayed? | If they prayed incorrectly, they believed that there would be terrible consequences. |
| Why did the Aryans refer to the people already in the Indus Valley as DASAS? | This term referred to the dark color of their skin. |
| What were some of the differences between the Aryans and the DASAS? | Aryans=taller & lighter in skin; they spoke different languages; Aryans had no writing system; Aryans=pastoral people; DASAS lived in communities; Aryans offered sacrifices to gods. |
| Who was the Aryan god Indra? | Indra = thunder god |
| Who was the Aryan god Agni? | Agni = the fire god |
| Who was Shiva? | the DASAS "Great God" |
| What were the 3 social classes of the Aryans? | Brahmins (priests), warriors, peasants or traders |
| What was the fourth social class added to the three existing Aryan classes? | The non-Aryan laborers or craftsmen (shudras) |
| When the Portuguese explorers encountered the "carnas", the explorers renamed the system--what name did they use instead of "carnas"?? | They called it a castes system. |
| What did a caste determine? | Your entire life: your work, whom you married, with whom you could eat. |
| What was "ritual purity"? | Habits of eating and washing that made a person physically and spiritually clean |
| Give examples of "the untouchables". | butchers, gravediggers, collectors of trash |
| What was Magadha? | It was one of the Aryan territorial kingdoms struggling with each other over land and power. It eventually emerged as a major kingdom. |
| What is the Mahabharata? | A poem that tells the story of a great war between two sets of cousins, the Pandavas & Kauravas. It is the longest single poem in the world (106,000 verses) |
