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| Tell about Rome's strategic location. | It was built on 7 hills at a curve on the Tiber R., near the middle of the Italian peninsula, midway between Alps & S. tip of Italy, and near midpt. of Med. Sea.. |
| What is significant about Palatine Hill? | It is the location of the first Roman settlement started by the Latium people around 1000 B.C.. |
| What did Greek settlers add to Roman culture? | They taught them how to grow grapes and olives, and they brought Greek influence to Italy, including some religious ideas.. |
| What skills and influence did the Etruscans have on Roman civilization? | They were skilled metalworkers and engineers; they influenced writing, architecture, and some religion. |
| How was the forum created under the rule of Etruscan kings? | Below Palatine Hill was a swampy valley that was drained and became the public meeting place (Forum). |
| What happened to Tarquin the Proud? | Roman aristocrats overthrew him. |
| Define "republic". | It's a form of government in which citizens with voting rights select the leaders. |
| Who was able to vote in Rome? | Only free-born male citizens could vote there. |
| Who made up the group known as patricians? | They were aristocratic landowners who got their power through inheritance. |
| Who were the plebeians? | They were the common people--farmers, artisans (skilled workers/craftsman), and merchants. They were the majority, but held less power. |
| What were tribunes? | They were officials elected by the plebeians to protect the rights of the common people against unfair rules of patricians. |
| What important event occurred in 451 B.C. that protected the rights of all free citizens? | The plebeians forced laws to be written down, and the 12 Tables resulted. They hung in the Forum. |
| What safeguards restricted the two consuls? | They served only one year as commanders of the army and government; they couldn't be reelected for 10 yrs., one counsul could overrule the second. |
| What were the 3 branches of the legislative branch in Rome? | The Senate, the Centuriate Assembly, and the Tribal Assembly. (See pg. 143 to learn what each did.) |
| Explain the idea of "dictator" under Roman rules. | In a crisis, a dictator could be selected by the 2 consuls & elected by the senate to rule for only 6 months. |
| Who served in the Roman army? | Citizens who owned land were required to serve. To hold some public offices, a man had to serve for 10 years! |
| How was the Roman army structured? | A legion consisted of 5,000 heavily armed foot soldiers (called infantry); a cavalry supported each legion; legions had smaller groups called a century (80 men). |
| In 390 B.C., what group of people sacked Rome and forced the Romans to rebuild the city? | The Gauls (Celtic people) |
| What policies helped Rom build a lasting empire? | The policies towards conquered people helped Rome last a long time (see pg. 144 for specifics). |
| What did Rome trade for foods, raw materials, and manufactured goods? | Wine and olive oil. |
| What powers fought each other in the Punic Wars? | Rome and Carthage fought starting in 264 B.C. |
| Who won the First Punic War, how long did it last, and what did the victor gain? | After 23 years of fighting, Rome defeated Carthage and gained control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean. |
| Who was Hannibal? | He was from Carthage and was a smart military strategist; he led soldiers & elephants across the Alps, and he marched up & down the Italian peninsula causing problems for Rome. |
| What happened at Cannae in 216 B.C.? | Hannibal and his men inflicted huge losses on the Romans, but the Romans regrouped and stopped Hannibal from taking Rome. |
| Where and when was Hannibal finally defeated? | He was defeated in 202 B.C. at Zama (in Numidia, on the African continent).). |
| In the Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.), what was the outcome? | Rome burned Carthage and sold its 50,000 inhabitants into slavery. The territory was made the new province of Africa. |
| By 70 B.C., how war did the Roman Empire stretch? | From Anatolia on the east to Spain on the west (see map on pg. 145). |
| Who was Scipio? | He was a Roman general who created the plan to attack Carthage during the Second Punic War. |
