| A | B |
|---|
| the study of teh effects of stubstances in food on the body | nutrition |
| not enough of the right nutrients | malnutrition |
| not enough food | starvation |
| the use the body makes of food after it has been digested | metabolism |
| term that means breaking down | catabolism |
| term that means building up | anabolism |
| the amount of energy needed to raise one gram of water one degree celcius | calorie |
| the unpleasant feeling from lack of food | hunger |
| the stomach being full to the point of satisfaction | satiety |
| the desire for food and teh pleasure eating provides | appetite |
| What are the four energy sources? | carbohydrates, proteins, fat, and alcohol |
| What types of foods are carbohydrates? | pasta, bread, potatoes, cereals |
| This is the smallest saccharide, it has only one chain | monosaccharide |
| What are some examples of monosaccharides? | glucose (sugar in blood) and fructose |
| Two sugars hooked together are called | disaccharide |
| What are some examples of disaccharides? | table sugar and lactose in milk |
| 3 or more saccharides that are hooked together | complex or polysaccharides |
| What are some examples of polysaccharides? | glycogen (suger in liver) |
| What are the two types of fiber? | insoluable and soluble |
| Which type of fiber prevents constipation? | insoluble- found in wheat bran, whole grains, and vegetables |
| Which type of fiber picks up cholesterol? | soluble fiber- found in oats, beans, and barley |
| Do most Americans have enough fiber in their diet? | no |
| What is lactose intolerance? | When the body lacks the enzyme lactase to digest lactose. |
| What are some symptoms of lactose intolerance? | bloating, diarrhea, gas, and cramps |
| What causes diabetes mellitus? | little or no insulin is produced by the islet cells on the pancreas so there is too much sugar in the blood. |
| What does insulin do? | It allows sugar to enter the cell so it can be used for energy |
| What are the two types of diabetes? | Insulin Dependent, also called Juvenile Diabetes, and Non-Insulin Dependent, also called Adult-Onset Diabetes |
| This is when the blood sugar level is too high | hyperglycemia |
| when blood sugar is too low | hypoglycemia |
| What are some symptoms of hypoglycemia? | weakness, hunger, headache, blurry vision, anxiety, and personality changes. It can lead to a coma and death if left untreated. |
| What are some lifestyle changes that need to take place if a person has diabetes? | achieve a desirable weight, eat a balanced diet, no sugars, no alcohol, 3 meals plus 3 snacks a day, eat at regular times, have a regular pattern of exercise to help regulate glucose |
| What are some complications of diabetes? | slow healing of cuts and bruises, kidney problems, blindness, neuropathy (lose sensation in feet and legs) and more risk of heart disease. |
| What is another name for lipids? | fats |
| What are some functions of fats in the body? | source of stored energy, protects our organs, body insulation, part of all cell membranes (phosopholipids) and it is needed to make hormones |
| How does the body use fat? | to digest the fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) to provide essential nutrients, provides flavor for food, provides satiety, spares protein from use for energy. |
| What are some characteristics of saturated fats? | They are solid at room temperature, store well, and have all of they hydrogen bonds full. |
| What are some characteristics of unsaturated fats? | Tbey are liquid at room temperature, spoil easily, and do not have all of their bonds full. |
| Which cholesterol is the bad cholesterol? | LDL's |
| Which is the good cholesterol that will actually reduce your total cholesterol number? | HDL's |
| What are some risks associated with high HDL's? | arteriosclerosis, blood clots, heart attacks and stroke |
| What are some ways you can decrease your fat intake? | use less butter, margarine, salad dressings and oil, trim fat off meat before cooking it, use 1% or skim dairy products, bake, broil or microwave instead of frying foods. |
| What is ketosis? | When you are using your muscles for energy |
| What are the building blocks of protein? | amino acids |
| What are the two types of amino acids? | essential and non-essential |
| Which type of amino acid must come from the diet? | essential |
| What are some examples of complete proteins? | meat, eggs, cheese |
| What are some examples of incomplete proteins? | beans and corn |
| What are complimentary Proteins? | When you combine two or more plant foods so that the combination provides all the essential amino acids |
| What is kwashiorkor? | When you get enough calories, but not enough protein. |
| What problems occur in the body when you don't get enough protein? | can't make digestive enzymes, don't make as many antibodies, not enough insulin, nerve impulses are not sent and the person experiences listenessness, wounds won't heal, hair color loss, muscle tissue breaks down |
| Why do some people practive vegetarianism? | ethics about killing animals, religious beliefs, concern about drugs in meat, concern about cholesterol and saturated fat, expense of meat |
| what will a vegan vegetarian eat? | only plants |
| What will a lacto-vegan eat? | milk products and plants |
| what will a lacto-ovo-vegan eat? | milk products, plants and eggs |
| What will a lacto-ovo-pesco vegan eat? | dairy, eggs, plants, and fish |
| What are three nutritional concerns for the person who is vegetarian? | B12,iron, and calcium |
| What are some health advantages to a vegetarian diet? | lower body weight, lower blood cholesterol, lower rates of breast cancer, |
| What should a pre-game meal consist of? | light, low fat, low protein, and high in carbohydrates |
| What are the fat soluble vitamins? | A,D,E,K |
| What types of food contain falacin or Folic Acid? | dark green leafy vegetables |
| What disease develops when you don't get enough folic acid? | aplastic anemia- large irregular shaped red blood cells |
| Vitamin C helps in the absorption of what mineral? | iron |
| What disease develops when you don't get enough Vitamin C? | Scurvy |
| What are the symptoms of scurvy? | stop making collagen, wekening blood vessels, loss of hair, painful gums, loss of teeth and eventual death due to internal bleeding. |
| What does Vitamin D do? | increases the absorption of calcium |
| When you don't get enough Vitamin D, what disease develops? | rickets, bones are soft and bowed legs |
| What is the RDA? | recommended dietary allowance |
| How can you preserve the vitamin and mineral content in foods? | store in cool, dark place, eat peelings whenever possible, cook vegetables in small quantities of water and steam whenever possible, don't overcook food |
| When you replace vitamins and minerals that are lost during processing it is called ________. | enrichment |
| When you add vitamins and minerals to foods that did not originally contain those vitamins it is called ____________. | fortification |
| Salt is fortified with ______ | Iodine |
| milk is fortifies with _________ | Vitamins A and D |
| In general, who should take vitamins? | pregnant women, vegetarians, and women who don't drink milk |
| What are the two categories of minerals? | major and minor |
| Why does our body need calcium? | bone strength, blood clotting, muscle contraction, and nerve impulse transmission |
| Where do you find calcium? | dairy products, and in small amounts in some vegetables like brocalli, spinach, and tofu |
| What disease are you at risk for if you don't get enough calcium? | osteoporosis |
| Why does the body need iron? | to transport oxygen in the hemoglobin |
| This is the disorder caused when you don't have enough iron. | anemia |
| Why should you not take iron suppplements unless told to by a doctor? | They are very dangerous because our bodies are very efficient at recycling iron and it can build up to toxic levels very quickly. |
| What is iodine important for? | to regulate metabolism |
| If you don't get enough iodine, what can happen? | You develop a goiter |
| What is cretinism? | mental retardation in infants due to a lack of iodine in the pregnant woman |
| Why is flouride needed? | reduces tooth decay |
| What happens if you get too much flouride? | rust colored stains on the teeth |
| What percent of the body is water? | 70-75% |
| Why is water needed in the body? | maintain acid/base balance, transport nutrients and waste, regulation of temperature, lubrication and shock absorbancy |
| What is the difference between soft and hard water? | Hard water contains high levels of calcium, magnesium, and iron. In soft water, minerals have been replaced with sodium |
