| A | B |
|---|
| What are the functions of stems? | to produce leaves, branches, & flowers; hold leaves up to sunlight; transport substances between roots & leaves. |
| Of what is the stem composed? | dermal, vascular, and ground tissue |
| Define "node". | The point on a stem where a leaf is attached. |
| What is an internode? | It's the region between ("inter") nodes on a plant stem. |
| What is a "bud"? | It's a plant structure that contains undeveloped tissue that can produce new stems and leaves. |
| How are vascular bundles arranged in monocots? | In monocots, they're scattered throughout the stem; in dicots, vascular bundles are arranged in a cylinder. |
| How are vascular bundles arranged in dicots? | In those and in most gymnosperms, they're arranged in a cylinder. |
| What is "pith"? | It's parenchyma cells that are inside the ring of vascular tissue in dicot stems. |
| What is primary growth and how is it produced? | It's a type of plant growth in which growth occurs at the tops of roots and shoots. It's produced by cell divisions in the apical meristems and takes place in all SEED plants. |
| What happens during secondary growth? | The stem increaes in width. In confiers & dicots, it occurs in lateral meristematic tissues called the vascular cambium & cork cambium. |
| What is vascular cambium? | It's lateral meristematic tissue that produces vascular tissues & increases the thickness of the stem over time. (see pictures, pg. 591) |
| What is cork cambium? | It's lateral meristematic tissue that produces the outer covering of stems. |
| What is heartwood? | It's the older xylem near the center of the stem; it no longer conducts water. |
| What is sapwood? | They're the living cells in the outer rings of a tree. These still transport water. |
| What do the bands of light and dark wood represent? | They show one year of growth in a tree. |
| What type of tissue forms the bark? | Phloem tissue forms the inner part of bark; it carries sugars & other products of photosynthesis from leaves to other plant parts that don't make their own food. |
| Know how bark forms. | See page 593. |
| What are rhizomes? | They're thick, fleshy, creeping stems that grow along or jsut beneath the ground's surface. (Examples: irises, canna lilies, many grass species) |
| What are tubers? | They are modified underground stems that are swollen with stored food, usually in the form of starch. (i.e., potatoes) |
| What are bulbs? | They have underground stems; they are a modified stem with most of their food stored in layers of short, thick leaves that wrap around the stem. (tulips & daffodils) |
| What are corms? | They are round underground stems that store food and are surrounded with thick leaves for protection. |
| Compare the functions of vascular and cork cambrium cells. | Vascular cambium cells: make up xylem & phloem tissues that transport nutrients & water. Cork cambium cells produce the stem's outer covering. |
