| A | B |
|---|
| Black Death | Plague that struck Europe first in 1347; followed trade routes killing @ 40% of Europe's population |
| The Decameron | A book that provides insight into the "live for the moment" lifestyle adopted by some people in reaction to the plague. |
| flagellants | During the plague men and women who flogged themselves with whips to win forgiveness of God. |
| Statute of Laborers | Law passed by Parliament which attempted to limit wages to pre-plague levels and to forbid the mobility of peasants |
| Jacquerie | French peasant revolts of the 14th century. |
| John Ball and Wat Tyler | Leaders of the English Peasants Revolt of 1381 |
| Hundred Years' War | 116 year war between France and England |
| Battle of Crecy | English attack on Normandy; culminated at Crecy which allowed English to seize port of Calais; longbow was the English advantage |
| Battle of Poitiers | 100 Years' War battle that led to the capture of the French king |
| Peace of Bretigny | Agreement that ended the first stage in the 100 Years' War |
| Battle of Agincourt | Battle lost by the French and which ultimately made the English masters of northern Europe |
| Joan of Arc | French farm girl who led the French to victory against the English |
| Great Council | Body that became known as the House of Lords during the reign of Edward III |
| House of Commons | Lower body of English parliament composed of representatives of the shires and boroughs |
| Estates General | French Parliament that gained expanded rights during the 100 Years' War; but was too divided to be very effective |
| Parlement of Paris | French supreme court |
| Pope Boniface VIII | Pope who issued the Clericis Laicos and the Unam Sanctum |
| Philip IV of France | King who chose to challenged the pope by taxing the French clergy |
| Golden Bull | Issued by H.R.E. Charles IV, it established the principle of electing the Holy Roman Emperor |
| Clericis Laicos | Papal bull that forbid the taxing of the clergy without papal permission |
| Unam Sanctum | Papal bull that claimed that spiritual power was supreme to temporal power |
| Avignon | Home of the popes during the Babylonian Captivity |
| Great Schism | Period in church history that saw the church split by the presence of two and eventually three popes |
| Marsilius of Padua | Member of the the clergy who suggested that final church authority should rest in a church council representing both the clergy and the laity |
| Conciliarists | Individuals who believed that only a general church council could end the Great Schism |
| Council of Pisa | Church council who elected Alexander V pope in 1409; now there were 3 popes |
| Council of Constance | Ended the Great Schism with the election of Martin V as pope |
| William of Occam | Philosopher who proposed a radical interpretation of nominalism |
| nominalism | School of thought that, following Aristotle, held that only individual objects are real and that universals are only names created by humans |
| Battle of Sluys | First Great Battle of 100 Years' War; Edward III defeated the French fleet |
| Treaty of Troyes | Signed in 1420, this document proclaimed Henry V of England to be the successor to the French king Charles VI |
| Rota Romana | Law court, established under Pope Urban IV, which tightened and centralized the church's legal proceedings |
| Bernard Saisset | Boniface VIII's Parisian legate; arrested by Philip IV; his conviction for heresy and treason prompted the pope to revoke all previous agreements with Philip |
| John Wycliffe | Oxford theologian who criticized the church suggesting personal merit was more important than church rank; questioned pope's infallibility; suggested Bible was final authority |
| Lollards | English advocates of Wycliffe who preached in vernacular; championed clerical poverty |
| John Huss | Rector of University of Prague; adopted ideas of Wycliffe; burned at stake at Council of Constance |
| Hussites | Followers of Huss; questioned validity of sacrements performed by priest of questionable morals |
| Four Articles of Prague | Presented by Hussites at Council of Basel; demanded laity be given wine as well as bread during the Eucharist; free itinerant preaching; punishment for immoral behavior of clergy |
| Guillaume de Nogaret | Philip the Fair's chief minister who dennounced Boniface VIII as a common heretic and criminal; led an army that attack Boniface at Anagni |
| Council of Basel | peak of counciliar movement; confirmed 3 of the Four Articles of Prague |
| "Sacrosancta" | issued by Council of Constance; stated that a general council of church received its authority from God; hence every Christian, including the pope was subject to its authority |
| "Frequens" | issued by Council of Constance; provided for regular meeting of general councils to ensure that church reform would continue |
| "Execrabilis" | papal bull condemming appeal to church councils as "erroneous and abominable" and "completely null and void" |
| transubstantiation | Catholic belief that during the mass the bread and wine are transformed into the body and blood of Christ |
