| A | B |
|---|
| replication | DNA makes a copy of iteslf |
| transcription | DNA makes mRNA |
| translation | making proteins at the ribosome using mRNA instructions |
| messenger RNA | codon: carries instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome |
| ribosomal RNA | makes up the ribosome: hooks the amino acids together to make protein |
| transfer RNA | anticodon: carries the amino acids to the ribosome and matches up with mRNA instructions |
| adenine | a purine, pairs with thymine |
| guanine | purine, pairs with cytosine |
| thymine | pyrimidine: pairs with adenine |
| cytosine | pyrimidine: pairs with guanine |
| DNA polymerase | hooks DNA nucleotides together to form DNA |
| RNA polymerase | hooks RNA nucletides together during transcription |
| helicase | unwinds DNA strands during replication |
| chromatin | unwound, active DNA |
| double helix | the shape of the DNA molecule |
| antiparallel | the orientation of the two helical strands to each other |
| nucleotide | subunit of DNA or RNA |
| ribose | sugar in RNA |
| deoxyribose | sugar in DNA |
| phosphate | alternates with deoxyribose in the DNA "backbone" |
| nitrogen base | general type of base present in a nucleotide |
| uracil | nitrogen base replacing thymine in RNA |
| codon | mRNA |
| anticodon | tRNA |
| ribosome | rRNA and protein |
| histones | protein that organizes chromatin |
| base pairs | A+T, G+C |
| hydrogen bonds | forces keeping the nitrogen base pairs together |
| intron | part of the gene that is not expressed as protein |
| exon | part of the gene that is expressed as protein |
| mutation | change in the sequence of bases of DNA |
| cancer | cells characterized by uncontrolled cell growth |
| metastasis | cancer cells moving from their original site |
| methionine | starting amino acid in protein synthesis |
| stop codon | stops protein synthesis |
| malignant tumor | cancer |
| benign tumor | accelerated cell growth that is not cancer |
| cap | protective start of mRNA |
| poly-A tail | protective end of mRNA |
| pre-mRNA | unprocessed meesenger RNA in the nucleus |
| promoter | region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to DNA |
| regulatory gene | gene that makes the repressor protein |
| operator | where repressor binds to DNA |
| inducer | molecule that removes repressor from DNA |
| structural genes | genes that mRNA is transcribed from |
