| A | B |
|---|
| Reformers believed that... | governments should play an active role in bettering conditions for the poor. |
| laissez faire | The economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without government interference |
| Adam Smith | Wrote The Wealth of Nations in which he defended the idea of a free economy |
| Capitalism | An economic system in which money is invested in business with the goal of making a profit |
| Thomas Malthus | Wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population in which he argued that the population tended to increase faster than the food supply; most people were destined to be poor |
| David Ricardo | Wrote a book in which he defended a permanent underclass that would always be poor |
| Jeremy Bentham | Philosopher who introduced the idea of utilitarianism; argued that government should promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people |
| Utilitarianism | Ideas, institutions and actions are valuable on the basis of their usefulness |
| Robert Owen | Factory owner who improved working conditions for his employees; founded cooperative community in New Harmony, IN in 1825 to be a utopia |
| Socialism | Form of government in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all |
| Karl Marx | Wrote The Communist Manifesto, in which he discusses the war between classes; predicted that the |
| bourgeoisie | The middle class, or "haves" |
| proletariat | The workers, or "have nots" |
| Communism | All land, mines, factories, railroads and businesses would be owned by the people |
| Which ideas of Marxism seem to be a direct result of the Industrial Revolutaion? | See page 650 |
| Unions | Voluntary associations that pressed for reforms in factories |
| Collective bargaining | Negotiations between workers and their employers; often bargained for better working conditions and higher pay |
| Strike | An organized refusal to work |
| Combination Acts | Outlawed unions and strikes in 1799 in Britain; repealed in 1824 |
| What were some of the important reform bills passed in Britain in the 1800s? | Factory Act of 1833; Mines Act of 1842; Ten Hours Act of 1847. |
| Factory Act of 1833 | (British) Made it illegal to hire children under 9 years old |
| Mines Act of 1842 | (British) prevented women and children from working underground in the mines |
| Ten Hours Act of 1847 | (British) limited the workday to ten hours for women and children |
| National Child Labor Committee | (US) organized to end child labor in 1904 |
| Why did reform movements emerge in the 1800s? | In response to the negative impact of industrailization |
| Abolition | The end of the slave trade and slavery |
| William Wilberforce | A British member of Parliament who led the fight for abolition |
| The reform movement spread to other areas including... | The abolition of slavery, the fight for women's rights, public education and prison reform. |
| Horace Mann | Favored free education for all children |
