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| Give the characteristics of members of the kingdom Animalia. | They are multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls. |
| Name the types of tissues animals have. | epithelial, muscular, connective, nervous tissues. See pg. 657 for what each type does. |
| Over 95% of all animal species are invertebrates. What does that mean? | Thye have no backbone, or vertebral column. |
| Name 7 essential functions performed by animals. | feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, reproduction. |
| Define feedback inhibition. | It's the process in which the product or result stops or limjtis the process (i.e., when a dog gets hot, he pants.) |
| What does "ingesting" food mean? | The animal eats it (as opposed to absorbing it). |
| Know herbivores, carnivores, detritovores, filter feeders. | Herbivores: eat plants; carnivores: eat animals; omnivores: eat plants & animals; detritivores: eat decaying plant & animal matter; filter feeders: aquatic animals that strain tiny floating organisms from water. |
| What does this mean: animals "respire"? | It means they take in oxygen & give off carbon dioxide. |
| What are 2 methods by which animals carry oxygen in the organism? | diffusion and a circulatory system |
| Name 2 means by which animals eliminate ammonia or convert it into a less toxic substance. | excretory system OR organs like the kidneys do it. |
| What role do receptors play? | They respond to sound, light, and external stimuli. |
| What do nerve cells do? | Some are receptors; some process information. |
| How does muscle contraction helop an animal? | It enables motile animals to move around. |
| What's the difference between sexual & asexual reproduction? | Sexual involves joining 2 haploid gametes and helps create and maintain genetic diversity in populations; asexual produces offspring genetically identical to the parent. |
| What are the main trends in animal evolution? | High levels of cell specialization and internal body organization, bilateral body symmetry, a front end or head with sense organs, and a body cavity. (see 660-663 for details). |
| Define blastula. | a hollow ball of cells (see 661) |
| What is a protosome? | It's an animal whose mouth is from from the blastopore. (see 661) |
| What is a deuterostome? | An animal whose anus is formed from the blastopore. |
| What is meant by endoderm? | In an embryo, it's the innermost of three germ layers; it develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system.. |
| What's the mesoderm? | In an animal embryo, it's the middle of 3 germ layers; it gives rise to muscles & much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems. |
| What is "ectoderm"? | In an animal embryo, it's the outermost of 3 germ layers; it gives rise to sense organs, nerves, and the outer layer of the skin. |
| Except for sponges, animals have body symmetry; what is radial symmetry? | It's a body plan in which body part repeat around the center of the body; examples: sea anemones and sea stars. |
| What is bilateral symmetry? | It's a body plan in which only a singel, imaginary line can divide the body into 2 equal halves; examples: worms, arthropods, chordates. |
| What is cephalization? | It's the concentration of sense organs & nerve cells at the front end of the body. (dragonfly) |
| Why is a body cavity important? | It provides space for internal orgtans to be suspended (see 663) without pressure; it allows for specialized regions to develop; it provides room for internal organs to grow & expand. In some animals, it also contains fluids involved in circulation, feeding, excretion. |
