| A | B |
|---|
| acrocentric | chromosome with on arm much longer than the other |
| anaphase | stage of mitosis and meiosis when chromosomes move to opposite cell poles |
| astral microtubules | star-shaped network of fibers that arise from centrioles during mitosis |
| autosome | non-sex chromosome |
| bivalent | figure formed by synapsis of chromosomes in a diploid organism in meiosis |
| cell cycle | life cycle of a cell from formation through cell division |
| centriole | microtubule organizing organelle in animals |
| centromere | DNA sequence that binds to kinetochore proteins |
| centromeric fibers | microtubules that invade the kinetochore |
| centrosome | microtubule organizing center |
| chromatid | single chain of chromatin in a chromosome |
| chromatin | complex of DNA bound to histone proteins |
| chromosome | DNA with terminal telomeric sequences and internal centromeric sequence |
| coenocyte | multinucleate cell |
| condensation | packaging of chromatin into visible chromosomes |
| contractile ring | ring of actin filaments that get smaller to accomplish cytokinesis |
| cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm |
| diakinesis | prophase I stage - chiasmata terminalize |
| diploid | genome composed of paired chromosomes |
| diplotene | crossed-over chromosomes begin to separate |
| G1 phase | first gap phase - cell grows and organelles multiply |
| G2 phase | stage in which replicated DNA checked for errors |
| gamete | haploid cells for sexual reproduction |
| gametogenesis | process of formation of sex cells |
| germ cells | stem cells for gametes |
| germline | sex cells |
| haploid | genome with only one copy of each chromosome |
| hemizygous | genes in nonhomologous regions of X and Y chromosomes |
| homologous chromosomes | members of the same pair of chromosomes |
| interkinesis | another term for interphase |
| interphase | G1 + S + G2 |
| karyotype | chromosome number and arrangement |
| kinetochore | complex of proteins that attach to mitotic spindle fibers |
| leptotene | prophase I stage where chromatin is just condensing |
| meiosis | karyokinesis that produces four haploid cells from diploid parent |
| metacentric | chromosome with arms of equal length |
| metaphase | stage of karyokinesis when chromosomes line up at cell equator |
| metaphase plate | equator of cell during M-phase |
| mitosis | karyokinesis producing two diploid cells from a diploid parent |
| mitotic spindle | network of microtubules to which chromosomes attach |
| nondisjunction | failure of chromosomes to separate in anaphase I or II |
| nuclear envelope | nuclear membrane + associated proteins |
| nucleolus | site of rRNA synthesis |
| oogenesis | process of producing female gametes |
| oogonia | stem cells for eggs |
| pachytene | stage during which bivalent formation is completed |
| polar microtubules | cytoskeleton fibers emanating from regions near ends of cells |
| prometaphase | stage of mitosis where chromosomes attach to mitotic spindle |
| prophase | first stage of mitosis |
| recombination | rearrangement of genetic material |
| reduction division | prophase I of meiosis |
| sex-chromosome | determine maleness or femaleness |
| sex-influenced trait | trait whose expression follows different patterns in males and females |
| sex-limited trait | trait expressed only in males OR females |
| sister chromatids | chromatin strands of same chromosome |
| sperm | male gamete |
| spermatid | immature sperm cell |
| spermatocyte | male gamete in meiosis I or II |
| spermatogenesis | process of making male gametes |
| S-phase | cell cycle stage where DNA is replicated |
| somatic cells | nonreproductive cells |
| syncytium | cell that is coenocytic |
| telocentric | chromosome with centromere at exreme end of chromosome |
| telophase | mitotic or meiotic stage in which separated chromosomes decondense |
| tetrad | products of a single meiosis |
| X-linked | traits passed to sons exclusively from mother |
| Y-linked | gene inherited by sons exclusively |
| zygotene | meiotic stage in during which synapsis begins |
