| A | B |
|---|
| species | a group of closely related organisms that are able to reproduce. |
| If a species fails to reproduce, | extinction! |
| Cloning | an identical offspring is created from a single parent’s DNA. |
| Cell division | the process whereby a cell separates into two identical cells. |
| Cell division happens when cells need to | grow, replace worn out cells, or repair tissue damage. |
| mitosis | a single cell replicates its genetic information and splits to form two identical cells. |
| meiosis | when a cell splits its genetic information in half in order to create the gametes |
| gametes | sperm and egg cells |
| most human cells have 46 chromosomes. Sperm and egg calls have | 23 chromosomes |
| Meiosis in males produces these | 4 sperm cells |
| Meiosis in females produces these | 1 egg cell and three polar bodies |
| crossing-over | when chromosomes exchange DNA. |
| After fertilization occurs, the new structure formed is called a | zygote |
| genetic recombination | when the genes from both parents combine to form a completely unique individual. |
| differentiation | cells become specialized for a certain function. |
| ovaries | The female gonads |
| egg cells | The female gametes |
| estrogen and progesterone | The hormones that control sexual development in females. |
| eggs are released from the ovaries and travel down the | oviduct |
| placenta | A special structure that controls the passage of nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from the embryo. |
| testes | The male gonads |
| sperm cells | The male gametes |
| testosterone | The hormone that controls sexual development in males. |
| menstrual cycle | the female body undergoes hormonal changes to prepare for fertilization |
| birth defects | damage due to inherited genes or exposure to harmful substances |
| Artificial Insemination | fertilization occurs outside of the body, the embryo is then implanted into the woman’s body |
| Hormone Therapy | used to help adjust hormone levels to normal, to promote pregnancy |
| Ultrasound | uses video cameras to observe the developing baby inside of the mother |
