| A | B |
|---|
| biogenesis | life comes from living organisms |
| spontaneous generation | life comes from nonliving substances |
| Redi | disproved spontaneous generation using meat and maggots |
| Pasteur | disproved spontaneous generation using curved neck flasks |
| radioactive isotopes | used in dating rocks |
| archaebacteria | earliest bacteria, live in extreme conditions |
| cyanobacteria | the first photosynthetic organisms |
| ozone | formed from oxygen and protects against UV rays |
| oxygen | life on land was not possible without this material |
| mold | imprint in rock in the shape of an organism |
| cast | rocklike model of an organism |
| mass extinction | brief period during which large numbers of species disappear |
| relative age | age determined by the stratum in which a fossil is located |
| absolute age | age determined by radiological evidence |
| acquired trait | trait that arises during an organisms lifetime |
| natural selection | organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than others |
| Beagle | ship that Darwin took on his voyage around the world |
| Lyell | gave Darwin the the idea that the world is very old |
| Malthus | gave Darwin the idea of natural selection |
| natural selection | competition for limited goods leads to survival of the fittest |
| fitness | a measure of an organism's contribution to the next generation |
| adaptive advantage | favorable trait that gives an organism an edge |
| homologous | features that originated in a shared ancestor but carry out disimilar functions |
| analogous | structures that carry out the same function but are of different origin |
| vestigial | structures that had a function in the past, but no longer have a function |
| coevolution | the change of two or more species in close association with each other |
| convergent evolution | when organisms that live in similar environments resemble one another |
| adaptive radiation | many related speciesevolving from a single species |
| divergent evolution | two or more related populations becoming more dissimilar |
| gene pool | all the genes in a population |
| Hardy-Weinberg equation | calculation of the allele frequency in a population |
| mutation | process of production of new alleles |
| gene flow | process of genes moving from one population to another |
| genetic drift | population change through random events |
| stabilizing | selection in which individuals with the average form of a trait have the highest fitness |
| directional | selection in which individuals with a more extreme form of a trait have greater fitness |
| disruptive | selection in which the extremes of the form of the trait have greater fitness, which leads to eventual speciation |
| sexual | selection of a mate according to certain traits |
| morphological | species determination according to structure and appearance |
| biological | species determined by reproductive compatibility |
| prezygotic | reproductive isolation occuring before fertilization |
| postzygotic | reproductive isolation occuring after fertilization |
| punctuated equilibrium | periods of stability separated by dramatic fossil changes |
| qradualism | Darwinian evolution at a constant slow rate |
