| A | B |
|---|
| Europe in 500 AD | no central rule; no trade; roads & bridges in disrepair; fierce attacks by bandits |
| Time from 476AD - 1350AD is known as: | Medieval Ages, Middle Ages, Dark Ages |
| Clovis | Frankish king; first to adopt Christianity |
| "mayor of the palace" | government military leader; sort of a 4-star general |
| Charles Martel | Frankish mayor of palace; won Battle of Tours over Muslims in 732 |
| Battle of Tours | battle which ended Muslim advance in Europe |
| Pepin the Short | son of Charles Martel; father of Charlemagne; received pope's blessing to defend him |
| Charlemagne | Charles "the Great"; doubled empire size; ran well administered empire |
| Louis the Pious | son of Charlemagne; not a strong ruler; father of 3 sons |
| Charles the Bald | son of Louis the Pious; inherited area of France |
| Lothaire | son of Louis the Pious; inherited middle lands of Charlemagne' empire, including term Hold Roman Emperor |
| Louis the German | son of Louis the Pious; inherited German area |
| Charlemagne's view toward education | valued education; encouraged schools for sons of nobility |
| Charlemagne's crowning | Christmas, 800: Pope crowned him Holy Roman Emperor in Rome (without Charlemagne's permission) |
| count | local government official; like a sheriff in old west |
| Missi Dominici | government spy; reported real conditions back to Charlemagne; kept control of counts |
| Treaty of Verdun | 843 AD; divided Charlemagne' empire between his three grandsons |
| real result of Treaty of Verdun | set land pattern for warfare in Europe for next 1200 years (until now) |
| groups of invaders in Europe after Charlemagne's time | Vikings, Muslims, Slavs & Magyars (Hungarians) |
| scariest invaders of Europe after Charlemagne's time | Vikings - lightening attacks done at night; no survivors |
| feudalism | economic policy (from 900 - 1100) which traded use of land for loyalty and physical security |
| stirrup and saddles | used by Muslims; Charles Martel wanted to raise a cavalry, so began policy of feudalism to raise money |
| fief | land given by a King or noble to a lesser aristocrat including land, houses, barns, peasants and animals |
| well | very important part of castle; without it, castle could not withstand a siege |
| town wall | first line of defense of a castle |
| drawbridge | lowered over moat to allow easy access to castle |
| Great Room | area of castle where most of the living was done |
| armory | storage room for weapons |
| medieval nobility | nobles (lords and ladies), knights |
| code of chivalry | code of Knightly behavior; stressed honesty, loyalty, Christianity, and good treatment of noble women |
| 3 stages to become a knight | page, squire, knight |
| tournaments | like a modern athletic event; practice warfare to keep Knights in shape |
| manorialism | economic system between nobles and peasants |
| miller | grinds grain |
| vintner | makes wine |
| brewer | brews beer |
| cooper | makes barrels |
| smith | shapes metal |
| peasant (serf) vs. slave | slave can be sold apart from land; peasant is considered part of land |
| 3 farm-adaptions aiding food production | heavy plow, mould-board, 3-field system |
| 3-field system | crop rotation |
| advantages of feudalism & manorialism system | provided stability in a most unstable time |
| religions found in Europe during Medieval times | Catholicism, Judaism, Islam |
| sacrament | blessing of church accompanied by God's grace |
| 7 sacraments of Catholic Church | baptism, communion, confirmation, penance, marriage, anointing of sick, holy orders, |
| physical reminders of faith to teach religious concepts | stained glass windows, pictures of saints, rosary |
| cloistered priests and nuns | lived within monastery walls and worked and prayed for people outside of the wall |
| abbott, abbess | leader and administrator of a monastery or convent |
| Pope Gregory I | sent missionaries to England and Germany to convert people to Catholicism |
| monastery leadership | tended to fall under nobility - they had the education and training needed to administer |
| cardinals | religious leaders appointed to choose the pope; rank above bishops and below the pope in Church hierarchy |
| lay investiture | selection of bishops by political (non-religious) leaders |
| Innocent III | Pope; tried to reform Church; forbade dancing, drunkenness, feasting among clergy; spoke out against heresy |
| heresy | denial of basic Church doctrines |
| excommunication | explusion from Church (receive no sacraments which sends person to Hell, loose all land and property |
| Inquisition | Church court designed to punish heretics and to bring them back to the Christian faith |
| Franciscan friars and nuns | followers of St. Francis; traveled through world teaching poverty, chastity, and obedience to God |
| Dominican friars and nuns | stressed good education and good preaching to bring people back to faithfulness |
| common law | body of English law based on traditions & court decisions |
| grand jury | group of citizens which decides whether evidence of a crime justifies a court trial |
| petit jury | citizens who decide innocence or guilt in a trial |
| middle class | social level between aristocracy and peasants; earns living from business or trade |
| Alfred the Great | united Anglo-Saxons; defeated Danes in 886 AD |
| William the Conquerer | defeated the Anglo-Saxons at Battle of Hastings in 1066 |
| Harold of Saxony | led Angles and Saxons against William of Normandy |
| Henry II | English King under which court system developed |
| Thomas a Becket | churchman murdered because he opposed priests being under control of courts |
| Philip Augustus | French King; strengthened power of King over feudal lords |
| Magna Carta | Great Charter |
| Otto the Great | German King who tried to restore Charlemagne's empire |
| Estates-General | an assembly in France of nobles, clergy, and townspeople |
| Henry IV | excommunicated twice over lay investiture conflict |
| Gregory VIi | Pope who fought Henry IV over lay investiture |
| Concordat of Worms | emperor could name bishops, but Pope could reject unworthy candidates |
| Lay Investiture | process in which political leaders could appoint high Church officiels without consent of Church |
| portcullis | gated doorway which slide up and down guarding a castle |
| oath of homage | oath of fielty - promise of loyalty in exchange for land use |
