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| Name the primary components of the cardiovascular system: | blood vessels, heart, blood |
| Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart? | arteries |
| The fine branches of arteries are called...? | arterioles |
| Which blood vessels are responsible for returning blood to the heart? | veins |
| The smallest branches of veins are referred to as...? | venules |
| Name the small, thin-walled vessels that connect arterioles & veins. | capillaries |
| What crosses in and out of the capillaries? | nutrients & dissolved gases |
| What is the name of the interstitial fluid around the capillary beds? | lymph |
| What prevents back-flow of blood in veins? | valves |
| Name the artery that carries deoxygenated blood. | pulmonary artery |
| What is the approximate size of the heart? | little larger than fist |
| What part of the heart is superior--the base or apex? | base |
| Name the double membrane that encloses the heart. | pericardium |
| Name the muscular wall that separates the right & left heart. | septum |
| What are the names of the great vessels that return blood from the body? | superior & inferior vena cavae |
| Name the largest artery in the body? | aorta |
| Name the valve between the right atrium & right ventricle. | tricuspid |
| Name the valve between the left atrium & left ventricle? | mitral (bicuspid) |
| The circulation that occurs between the heart and lungs is called the ...? | pulmonary circuit |
| The circulation that occurs between the heart and body is...? | systemic circuit |
| Name the term that refers to a blocked coronary artery. | occlusion |
| What is the medical term that means lack of oxygenated blood flow to the tissues? | ischemia |
| Name the medical term for clot. | thrombus |
| What is an infarct? | dead tissue as a result of obstructed blood flow |
| An abnormal, irregular heart beat is called: | an arrhythmia |
| An extremely rapid but coordinated heart contractions is referred to as: | a flutter |
| Wild, chaotic contractions of the heart is called: | fibrillation |
| Which type of fibrillation is life threatening--atrial or ventricular? | ventricular |
| What is the medical term for "heart attack"? | myocardial infarction (MI) |
| When should cardiac rehabilitation begin after a MI? | while still in the hospital |
| What type of hospital exercises are done after an MI? | sitting up in bed, range-of-motion, self-care |
| What does the 1st phase of cardiac rehab consist of? | an increase of activity level (e.g. walking, cycling) |
| What type of education should cardiac rehab patients have? | nutrition, lifestyle, weight loss, dangers of smoking |
| Name the specialized cells that initiate electrical impulses in the heart. | SA node (pacemaker) |
| What part of the heart's conduction system transfers electrical impulses to the Bundle of His? | AV node |
| The nerve fibers that spread to the walls of both ventricles are called: | Purkinje fibers |
| Where do impulses from the SA node go? | AV node & walls of both atria |
| What does the Latin word "septum" mean? | wall |
| What is angina pectoris? | chest pain |
| What is asystole? | absense of heart contractions; no heartbeat |
| What is the AV node? | atrioventricular node; receives impulse from the pacemaker |
| What is an angioplasty? | technique used to dilate a vascular stricture |
| What is bradycardia? | abnormally slow heart rate (less than 50 bpm for adult) |
| What is the Bundle of His? | part of Purkinje fibers that connects directly to the AV node (it breaks into two separate tracks--right & left bundle branches) |
| What is A CABG (pronounced "cabbage")? | coronary artery bypass graft (sometimes referred to simply as CAB) |
| What is CHF? | congestive heart failure |
| What are coronary arteries? | vessels that supply oxygenated blood & nutrients to the myocaridum |
| What is diastole? | period of cardiac cycle when ventricles are relaxed |
| What is the ejection fraction? | volumn of blood that is pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta during systole (normal range: 44% to 70%) |
| What is an EKG (ECG)? | electrocardiogram; tracing over time of the electrical activity of the heart muscle |
| What is fibrillation? | disorganized, chaotic electrical activity within myocardium which produces ineffective pumping of the heart |
| What is a heart flutter? | an extremely fast, but coordinated heartbeat (200 - 300) usually occurring only in atria |
| What is ischemia? | reduced (isch) blood (emia); a condition of inadequate blood flow to tissue; can cause angina if the heart muscle is affected |
| What are purkinje fibers? | specialized conduction cells found in ventricular walls of the heart |
| What is the SA node? | sinoatrial node-- the pacemaker |
| What is sinus rhythm? | normal heart rate |
| What is syncope? | temporary loss of consciousness due to reduced blood flow to brain |
| What is a stent? | device placed in vessel to keep the inner wall open (looks like metal coil or mesh tube) |
| What is a stricture? | narrowing of passageway (blood vessel/duct) |
| What is systole? | part of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are contracting |
| What is tachycardia? | abnormally fast heart beat; usually applied to a heart rate above 100 bpm |
| Where do the coronary arteries arise? | from the aortic root |
| Which node depolarizes more frequently, the AV node or the SA node? | SA node (60 to 100 bpm) |
| What is cardiac atrophy? | a decrease in size of heart |
| What is progressive exercise? | exercise that starts at a low level of intensity and progresses in intensity over period of time |
| What is the location of the pacemaker? | on right atrium (close to where superior vena cava enters) |
| Where is the location of the AV node? | the interatrial septum |
| Why is conduction through the AV node slow? | because a delay is needed in order for the ventricles to fill |
| If the SA node is injured, can the heart still beat? | yes--the AV node and Bundle of HIS will take control of heart rate & rhythm |
| What does the term "coronary" mean? | crown |
