| A | B |
|---|
| The fluid portion of the blood is called _______. | Plasma |
| Things are suspended in the plasma are called _______. | Formed Elements |
| What is the function of blood in the body? | It picks up food and oxygen from the digestive and respiratory systems and delivers them to cells thile picking up wastes from cells to deliver to excretory organs; helps regulate heat' transports hormones and enzymes |
| How much blood does an adult body contain? | about 5 liters |
| How much blood a person has depends on what factors? | age, body type, male or female, it varies inversely with body fat |
| What two methods are used to measure blood volume? | The direct and indirect method |
| What is the direct method of measuring blood? | Complete removal of blood from an animal |
| What is the indirect method of measuring blood? | A known amount of radioisotope is put into circulation, the material is allowed to dissolve and distribute uniformly, then a blood sample is taken to analyze its concentration |
| What are the three formed elements of blood? | red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets |
| How is blood separated into its elements? | They spin it- called centrifuge |
| What term is used to describe the volume percent of red blood cells in whole blood? | hematocrit or packed cell volume |
| If a person does not have enough red blood cells, it is called _________. | Anemia |
| When somone is living and working at high elevations and this causes them to have a high red count it is known as ________. | Physiological Polycythemia |
| By what name are red blood cells known as? | Erythrocytes |
| What shape does a red blood cell have? | It is biconcave disk shaped without a nucleus |
| The primary component of a red blood cell is the red pigament called _______. | Hemoglobin |
| What allows red blood cells to move in and out of narrow capillaries? | it can change shape |
| What is the function of the red blood cell? | It transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide and helps maintain normal ph levels |
| Each hemoglobin is composed of four protein chains called _______. | Globin |
| The four globin protein chains attach to red pigment that contains an iron atom called _______. | Hema |
| The part of the hemaglobin that contains an iron atom and transports oxygen is the _______. | Hema |
| The part of the hemaglobin tht contains contains the protein and transports carbon dioxide is called the _____. | Globulin |
| What is sickle cell anemia? | It results because of a change in the amino acid sequence in one of the globin chains. It doesn't affect the RBC's ability to carry oxygen, but they are more fragile and easily damaged. They can also become stiff and curved and get stuck in capillaries, causing tissues to be oxygen starved. |
| What are the symptoms of sickle cell anemia? | pain, damage to a variety of organs and systems, anemia |
| Genetically, how does sickle cell anemia occur? | In order to have the disease, a person must have two copies of the sickle cell gene, one from each parent. If only one gene is present, the person is said to have the sickling trait |
| The presense of the adnormal hemoglobin helps the person to resist what disease? | Malaria |
| What segment of the population does sickle cell anemia tend to affect the most. | African Americans |
| The entire process of red blood cell formation is called ________. | erythropoiesis |
| These type of cells have the ability to maintain a constant population of differentiating cells. | Stem cells |
| All blood cells come from what type of cell? | Hemocytoblasts |
| If the oxygen levels reaching the tissues decreases, a glocoprotein hormone called ________ is released from the liver and the kidneys release _______________ factor, which stimulates the bone marrow to increase red blood cell production. | erythropoeietin, erythropoietic |
| The production of red blood cells works under which homeostatic control mechanism? | Negative feedback system |
| In order for red blood cells to be made, the blood must supply the bone marrow with what substances? | B 12 (body can't make and must be in food), iron, and amino acids |
| How are old red blood cells destoyed? | The are injested by phagocytic cells |
| What is blood doping? | When an athlete would have their own red blood cells taken out before a competition and have the red blood cells separated and frozen. Just before the competition, the red blood cells are thawed and injeted. |
| What advantage does blood doping give? | When the red blood cells are taken from the body, the body compensates by replacing the lost cells. Then when the old cells are also reinjected, the person has an above normal level of red blood cells, which would allow them to carry more oxygen and improve performance. |
| What is contained in a complete blood count? | Red blood cell, white blood cell, thrombocyte count, diffential white blood cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and other characteristics of formed elements |
| White blood cells are classified according to the presence or absense of ________ and the staining characteristics of the _______. | granules, cytoplasm |
| This type of white blood cell is a very actice phagocytic cell with lots of lysosomes, bacterial infections produce an inflammatory response that attracts them. | neutrophil |
| This type of white blood cell is numerous in the lining of the respirtory tract and protect against infections caused by parasitic worms and allergic reactions. | eosinophil |
| This is the least numerous of the white blood cells and it contains a histamine. | basophils |
| This type of white blood cell contains T and B cells | lymphocyte |
| This type of lymphocyte attcks and infected or cancerous cell. | T lymphocyte |
| This type of lymphocyte produces antibodies against specific antigens. | B lymphocyte |
| These are substances produced by the body to fight antigens. | antibodies |
| A specific substance that has entered the body is called an _________. | antigen |
| These are mobile and highly phagocytic cells capable of engulfing large bacterial organisms and viral infected cells. | Monocytes |
| The procedure in which the different types of leukocytes are counted and their percentage of the total white blood cell count is computed is known as the ________ count | differential |
| A decrease in the number of white blood cells is called________ | leukopenia |
| An increase in the number of white blood cells is called __________ | leukocytosis |
| Where do white blood cells start? | hemocytoblast stem cell |
| What purpose do blood platelets serve? | They play an important role in blood clotting (coagulation) |
| What are the 4 blood types? | A, B, AB, and O |
| the A blood type has the antigen ___ on the cell ant he plasma has antibody _____. | A, B |
| The blood type B has antigen ____ on the cell and in the plasma it has antibody ____. | B, A |
| This blood type is the universal receiver | AB |
| This blood type is the universal donor | O |
| This type of blood has neither anitbody A or B in the plasma | AB |
| This type of blood has both antibody A and B in the plasma | O |
| This means the rh antigen is present on the Red Blood cell. | Rh + |
| This means there is no Rh antigen present on the Red Blood cell. | Rh - |
| When during pregnancy is their a problem with Rh? | If the mother is Rh- and the father is Rh +, if the baby is Rh+, it can cause the mother to form Rh - antibodies at birth. This will not harm the first child, but may harm later children. |
| What happens if an Rh- mother develops Rh antibodies? | The Rh antibodies can attack the baby's Red Blood Cells and cause a condition called erythroblastosis fetalis and can cause life threatening circulatory problems |
| Who are the only people who could have Rh antibodies. | Rh - men or women who have been given an Rh + blood transfusion, or a woman who is Rh- and has an Rh+ baby and is not treated |
| Whole blood minus the clotting elements is called blood ________. | serum |
| This is a series of chemical reactions that takes place in a definite and rapid sequence resulting in a net of fibers that traps red blood cells. | Blood clotting |
| Wht is the first step of blood clotting? | Prothrombin is converted to Throbim. Need thromboplastin and Calcium for this to occur. |
| How is thromboplastin released? | Intrinsic- it is released from platelets. Extrinsic- thromboplastin is released from damaged tissues, whent he smooth surface inside the blood vessel becomes rough because of a cut or cholesterol build up, clumps of platelets stick to the area and disintegrate, this causes the intrinsic release of thromboplastin |
| What is the second step of blood clotting? | Fibrogen is converted to strands of Fibrin. It needs Thrombin for this to happen. The Fibrin catches RBC. The pale yellow liquid left after a clot forms is blood serum |
| Where is prothrombin and fibrinogen made? | It is made in the liver, but the liver must have Vitamin K in order to do this. Vitamin K is absorbed into the blood from the intestines. It can also be made in the intestines by certain bacteria, but not in newborns. This is why newborns are given a shot of Vitamin K after birth. |
| What is the most important condition to prevent blood clotting? | The perfectly smooth surface of the endothelial lining of the blood vessels. |
| What are antithrombins? | They prevent thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin. |
| What is heparin? | A natural constituent of blood that acts as an antithrombin. It is formed in the liver. Injections of heparin are used to prevent clots from forming in vessels |
| What are twoconditions that favor thrombin formation? | a rough spot in the vessel lining and abnormally slow blood flow |
| This is an enzyme that causes fibrin to dissolve. | Fibrinolysin |
| How can you hasten blood clotting? | apply a rough surface like gauze, apply heat to speed blood flow to the area, or squeexe the tissue around a cut vessel. You can also apply purified thrombin with sprays or gelatin sponge sponges,, or by applying fibrin foams and films |
| Most blood diseases are disorders of the _______ elements. | formed |
| If bone marrow failure is the suspected cause of a particular blood disorder, theyn can take a bone marrow sample from where? | illiac crest or sternum, caled aspiration biopsy cytology |
| A group of different disease conditions where the blood can't carry enough oxygen to the body's cells. | anemia- where there is an inadequate number of red blood cels or a deficiency of oxygen carrying hemoglobin |
| What would cause a loss in the red blood cell numbers? | hemorrhage, like a bleeding ulcer or an accident, also caused by cancer radiation, x-ray damage, and certain infections |
| If the bone marrow produces too much red blood cells and the blood becomes too thick to flow properly, it is called __________. | polyccythemia |
| In this type of anemia, there is a low number of RBC usually due to the destruction of bone marrow by drugs, toxic chemicals or radiation, or less rarely by bone marrow destruction due to cancer. New RBC's are not made. | Aplastic Anemia |
| This is a type of anemia that results from a defiency of Vitamin B12 | Pernicious Anemia |
| This is a type of anemia caused by a deficiency of the vitamin folic acid. It is common in alcoholics and malnurished people. | Folate Deficiency Anemia |
| In what type of foods do you find folic acid? | dark green leafy vegetables |
| What disease can be caused if an expectant mother is low in folic acid? | spina bifida |
| This type of anemia occurs after hemmorrhages associated with extensive surgeries or sudden loss of blood. | acute blood loss anemia |
| This type of anemia results from frequent or long-lasting episodes of blood loss associated with chronic diseases like cancer and bleeding ulcers. | Chronic Blood Loss Anemia |
| What is hyperchronic hemoglobin disorder? | Too high of a hemoglobin content |
| What is phyochronic hemoglobin disorder? | Too low of a hemoglobin content |
| Without enough ______ in the diet, they body can't make enough hemoglobin and the result is ______ defieciency anemia. | iron, iron |
| In this type of anemia, abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to become easily broken | Hemolytic Anemia- Sickle Cell Anemia and Thalassemia are types of this. |
| What is leukopenia? | An abnormally low White Blood Cell count |
| What is an abnormally high white blood cell count called? | Leukosytosis |
| A group of malignant diseases characterized by the transformation of stem cells that replace normal cells. | Leukemia |
| A blood clot that stays where it formed is called a __________. | thrombis, the condition is called a thrombosis |
| If a clot can dislodge and circulate through the body, it is called an _________. | embolus, and the condition is called an embolism |
| This results when the body can't form certain blood clotting factors and minor blood vessel injuries that are common in life can become life-threatening. | Hemophilia |
