| A | B |
|---|
| anesthetic | A drug that prevents pain during surgery |
| Lord Charles Townshend | He urged farmers to grow turnips, which restored the exhausted soil |
| King George III | Nicknamed "Farmer George," he wrote articles about his model farm near Windsor Castle |
| enclosure | The process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers. |
| Thomas Newcomen | He developed an early version of the steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines. |
| James Watt | He improved on Newcomen's engine and this new steam engine would become a key power source of the Industrial Revolution. |
| coal | This was a vital source of fuel in the production of iron, a material needed for construction of machines and steam engines |
| Abraham Darby | He was the first to use coal to smelt iron. |
| smelt | This process separates iron from its ore. |
| capital | Wealth to invest in enterprises such as shipping, mines, railroads and factories |
| Textiles | The first industry to industrialize |
| John Kay | Invented the flying shuttle, where weavers worked so fast that they soon outpaced spinners |
| James Hargreaves | Produced the spinning Jenny in 1764, which spun many threads at the same time |
| Richard Arkwright | Invented the waterframe, which used water power to spead up spinning still further |
| factories | Places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods |
| turnpikes | Privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them |
| George Stephenson | Developed steam-powered locomotives to pull carriages along iron rails |
| Robert Fulton | Used Watt's steam engine to power the Clermont up the Hudson River in New York |
| urbanization | The movement of people to cities |
| tenements | Multistory buildings divided into crowded apartments. These buildings had no running water, only community pumps. |
| Women Workers | Could adapt more easily to machines and were easier to manage than men |
| boys and girls | Were hired because they had nimble-fingers and were quik-moving to change spools in textile mills |
| John Wesley | Had founded the Methodist Church and stressed the need for a personal sense of faith |
| Methodists | Helped channel workers' anger away from revolution and toward social reform |
| New middle class | Members were merchant inventors or skilled artisans |
| Labor unions | Workers' organizations won the right to bargain with employers for better wages, hours, and working conditions |
| Laissez-faire economics | A free market-the unregulated exchange of goods and services-would come to help everyone, not just rich |
| Adam Smith | Author of The Wealth of Nations |
| Thomas Malthus's | Grimly predicted that the population would outpace the food supply. The only checks on population growth, he said, were war, disease, and famine |
| David Ricardo | Pointed out that when wages were high, families had more children. But more children meant a greater supply of labor, which led to lower wages and higher unemployment |
| Utilitarianism | The idea that the goal os society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of citizens. |
| John Stuart Mill | Argued that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain. |
| Socialism | The people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the means of production |
| Means of Production | The farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods |
| Robert Owen | Insisted that the conditions in which people lived shaped their character |
| Karl Marx | Saw that the struggle between employers and employees as unavoidable |
| Communism | A form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as unavoidable |
| Proletariat | The "have-nots" or the working class |
