| A | B |
|---|
| intendants | regional administrators and representatives of the crown in France |
| divine right of kings | chosen by God to rule |
| balance of power | countries have equal strength in order to prevent any one country from dominating the others |
| Henry IV | first French monarch from the Bourbon family. Converts to Catholicism to unite the country. Issues to Edict of Nantes |
| Cardinal Richelieu | chief minister to Louis XIII. Worked to strengthen to monarchy of France |
| Thirty Years' War | a Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire |
| Louis XIV | The "Sun King" Longest reign in French History. Built the palace at Versailles |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert | Advisor to Louis XIV who worked to promote economic development in France by promoting industry and trade |
| War of the Spanish Succession | Fought over who would become next king of Spain. Louis XIV wanted his grandson but other powers didn't. |
| Treaty of Utrecht | Recognized Louis's graandson as king of Spain but said that the French and Spanish monarchies could never be united |
| Michael Romanov | elected czar of Russia. His family ruled until 1918. |
| Peter the Great | Czar of Russia who wanted to modernize Russia and expand its borders to include a warm water port |
| Catherine the Great | Supported art, science, literature and theater. Continued the expansion begun by Peter. Gained control of most of the northern shore of the Black Sea. |
| Maria Theresa | inherited Hapburg lands after father died. Becomes empress of Holy Roman Empire after her husband was elected emperor |
| Pragmatic Sanction | agreement to allow Maria Theresa to inherit all the Hapsburg lands |
| Great Elector | Frederick William who ruled the Hohenzollern lands in northern Germany |
| Frederick William I | becomes ruler of Prussia and used money to make Prussia stronger. Made army larger and more efficient. Brought the state as a whole under his control. |
| Frederick the Great | highly intellitgent and worked to expand the territory and prestige of Prussia. Became king of Prussia in 1740 |
| Diplomatic Revolution | major reversal of alliances in Europe in mid 1700's |
| Seven Years' War | War from 1756 to 1763 that involved almost all of Europe; the fighting began in North America as the French and Indian War |
| gentry | landowners in England who had social positions but no titles |
| burgesses | merchants and professional people from towns and cities |
| "Bloody Mary" | Henry VII's daughter who later became queen and persecuted Protestants |
| Elizabeth I | Protestant daughter of Henry VIII who became queen in 1558. Able politican who was one of the greatest rulers in English history. Changed England from an island kingdom to a world power. |
| Mary, Queen of Scots | Closest relative to a childless Elizabeth. She was beheaded for plotting against Elizabeth. |
| Spanish Armada | Fleet of ships sent from Spanish king, Philip II, to invade England and restore Catholicism. |
| Puritans | people who objected to the Anglican Church maintaing some Catholic practices; they wanted to further "purify" the Englich Church |
| James I | Son of Mary, Queen of Scots. Inherited the throne of England after Elizabeth. Intelligent and educated, but lacked common sense in financial and diplomatic matters. Believed in the divine right of kings. |
