|
|
Functionalist
|
Subcultural
Theorists
|
Interactionism/
phenomenology
|
Marxism
|
Neo -Marxism
|
Left -
Realism
|
Right -
Realism
|
|
Causes
|
People
inadequately socialised; Durkheim:
even in a society of saints a little bit of crime is necessary, it brings
about social change
|
Different norms
form the rest of society
|
Becker:
Labelling
Lemert:
Primary deviance:
the deviant ‘act’
Secondary
deviance: ‘societal reaction’
Atkinson:
suicide statistics are socially constructed
|
Capitalism
motivates crimes through ideology convincing
us to achieve our goals (The American Dream)
Corporate
crime helps the bourgeoisie
|
Working class
(blacks, etc) fight back against oppression
|
Relative
deprivation
Sub-culture
marginalisation
|
Individual causes
Inactivated opportunities
Breakdown in
traditional community values
|
|
Social control
(Police, courts…)
|
Necessary to
enforce norm of masonity
|
Fight against
norms
|
Often results in
labelling second time around
|
Bourgeoisie
control the state (i.e.; social control) over the proletariat.
Selective policing,
Protects
property and privilege
|
Bourgeoisie is
consumed by this issue.
Yet this
reaction often criminalises the proletariat
|
|
Should be
stronger: target improving
surveillance, etc;
|
|
Crime Statistics
|
Reflect the real
rise in crime (? hmm critique Durkheim Suicide remember no stats for suicide
in Ireland)
|
Statistics form a
stigma therefore focus more upon
youths statistics
|
Social construct
norms of labelling
|
Bourgeosie ideology: used to intimidate proletariat
|
Social
construct: created by police, etc;
|
Broadly
correct for street crime
|
Broadly correct
norms and values in decline
|
|
White collar crime
|
Don’t concern themselves with this therefore critique
|
not interested
therefore guess a critique
|
A label applied
to some (for others this is just regarded as perks)
|
Bourgeosie make laws and break them.
|
Not interested
therefore critique
|
Not interested
therefore critique
|
Not very interested
therefore critique
|
|
Law
|
It is an
expression of norms and values
|
Ignored by the
subculture
|
A tool of social
control used to label “lawbreakers”
|
Tool of the bourgeosie; designed to protect capitalism
|
Used to
oppress the working class and blacks, supports hegemony
|
Should protect
victims (the working class)
|
Same as functinalists
|
|
Black criminality
|
They could argue
that it is the failure of immigrants to adopt norms and values of mainstream
society
|
Black subcultures
develop
|
Blacks are more
frequently labelled
|
Blacks +
reserve army of labour
|
Blacks
oppressed to control them. Criminalisation black of black street crime is a myth
|
Possibly,
blame under greater pressure.
subculture
marginality
relative
deprivation
|
Not interested
therefore critique
Yet Murray with his ‘underclas’
|
|
Non-utilitarian crime
|
Rejection of
norms
|
Easy to
understand, status frustration (Cohen)
|
Caused by interactions
and labelling
|
Has difficulty
– frustration alienation
|
People – fight
back – against oppression (riots, etc;)
|
See above
|
As functionlaism
|
|
Women and crime
|
Decline of
tradition gender roles and norms
|
Lack of
concentration on girls gangs therefore a critique
|
Women are less
often labelled
|
Structural
pressures on women are less
|
Structural
pressures on women are less
|
No real
comments
|
As
functionalism
|
|
Fighting/ending crime
|
Strengthen norms
|
Eliminate
criminal subcultures
|
Stop labelling
|
End capitalism
and exploitation (this wil bring about an end to
individualistic ideology
|
End capitalism
and exploitation (this wil bring about an end to
individualistic ideology but also stop blaming the working class
|
Lessen
inequalities, make power democratic and fully accountable
|
As functinalism
|
|
Youth crime
|
Not socialised
|
Status
frustration
|
Labelling
|
Lack of
earnings
|
Youth fighting
back
|
|
Decline of
families
|
