| aphistorynotes |
Mr. Bortnick |
|
|
|
This site is for your convenience. The notes that will be posted will be a outline of the information covered in class. If you are absent check here for class information.
SYLLABUS FOR A.P. HISTORY
JIM BORTNICK - ROOM C-6 -2003/2004
Meeting times: M. T .W. TH. - 6:50am - 7:45 am
Course description: A survey of the establishment of an independent United States, beginning with early exploration and colonialization of the Americas. The course will overview major topics throughout U.S. History ranging from our break from British rule through our civil war, and all the way to the U.S. role as a world power in the 20th century.
Text: The American Pageant.
Objectives:
This course will blend the following Standards that were established by the B.O.E. of USD 259, with those
of many History Departments at the college level.
B.O.E. Standards
1. All Students will demonstrate knowledge of the United States Constitutional Democracy and citizen
participation in its preservation.
2. All students will demonstrate an understanding of human and cultural diversity and recognition
of the contribution that diversity makes in our country and the world.
3. All students will demonstrate research abilities.
4. Students will be able to recognize the impact of geography on society.
5. Students will be able to understand basics of global economics and of U.S. economics.
6. All students will be able to identify and analyze historical events, as they relate to and impact U.S.
History.
CLASS FORMAT
A colligate mentality will be followed within the operation of this class.
Lecture discussion
Biographical research
Term Papers 1 each semester
Class presentations
Out side readings
Pop quizzes, chapter quizzes, & tests
GRADING SCALE
93% to 100% = A
85% to 92% = B
76% to 84% = C
70% to 75% = D
The following scale is approximate
TESTS & QUIZZES - 25%
RESEARCH - 25%
DAILY WORK/ HW - 20%
CLASS PARTICIPATION- 20%
ATTENDANCE - 10%
ATTENDANCE IS CRITICAL
American History
Timeline
1492 –Present
1492 COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA
1494 TREATY OF TORDESILLAS—PORTUGAL AND SPAIN DIVIDE NEW WORLD
1519 CORTEZ CONCQUERS THE AZTECS
1528 CABEZA DE VACA (FLORIDA)
1540 CORONADO (SOUTHWEST)
1588 SPANISH ARMADA
1603 QUEEN ELIZABETH DIES
1607 JAMESTOWN STARTED
1619 SLAVERY IN JAMESTOWN
1620 PILGRIMS SAIL—MAYFLOWER COMPACT (FIRST MAJORITY RULE)
1633 RHODE ISLAND STARTED (ROGER WILLIAMS)
1637 ANNE HUTCHINSON EXILED FROM MASSACHUSETTS COLONY
1639 FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT 9FIRST WRITTEN CONSTITUTION) WILLIAM BRADFORD’S HISTORY OF PLYMOTH PLANTATION
1643-1681 NEW ENGLAND CONFEDRATION (COLONIES VS. INDIANS)
1647 OLD DELUDER LAW (PUBLIC SCHOOLS REQUIRED IN MASSACHUSETTS
1651-1763 “SALUTARY NEGLECT”
1662 HALF-WAY COVENANT
- (PURITAN CHILDREN “SAVED”)
- (CALLING-EXPERIENCE WITH GOD)
1676 BACON’S REBELLION (VIRGINIA)
1682 PENNSLYVANIA FOUNDED (WILLIAM PENN)
1686-1691 MASSACHUSETTS REVOLT AGAINST BRITISH EMISSARY (EDMUND ANDROS)
1688 GLORIOUS REVOLUTION (IN ENGLAND)
1692 SALEM WITCH TRIAL
1699 WOOL ASCT
1700 SAN XAVIER DEL BAC (FATHER KING)
1712 SOUTH CAROLINA SLAVE LAWS
1730-1740 1ST GREAT AWAKENING (PURITANS)(HELL-FIRE SPEECHES) JONATHAN EDWARDS SINNERS IN THE HANDS OF AN ANGRY GOD
1732 HAT ACT
1733 MOLASSES ACT
1734 ZENGER TRIAL (SLANDERED GOVERNMENT)
1750 IRON ACT
1754 ALBANY PLAN OF UNION (7 COLONIES VS. FRENCH)
1756-1763 FRENCH- INDIAN WAR
END OF SOLITARY NEGLECT
1763 PROCLAMATION OF 1763 (NO SETTLING WEST OF APPALACHIANS)
1763-1766 GRENVILLE PROGRAM (SMUGGLING , NEW TAXES)
1764 SUGAR ACT
1764 CURRENCY ACT
1765 1ST GUARTERING ACT
1767-1770 TOWNSHEND PROGRAM (COLONIAL LEGISLATURES DISSOLVED)
1770 BOSTON MASSACRE (CRISPUS ATTUCKS)
1770-1773 RELATIVE CALM 9TAXES REPEALED
1771 GASPEE AFFAIR (BRITISH SHIP BURNED IN HARBOR)
1773 TEA ACT
1774 INTOLERABLE ACT 92ND QUARTERING ACT, BOSTON HARBOR CLOSED, QUEBEC ACT—BRITISH TAKE OHIO RIVER VALLEY)
1774 1ST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS ( COLONIES PREPARE FOR WAR)
1775 2ND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 9DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE)
LEXINGTON OND CONCORD
ROYAL PROCLAMATION OF REBELLION
REVOLUTIONARY WAR STARTS
1776 THOMAS PAINE’S COMMON SENSE
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (JEFFERSON, LOCKE, ROUSSEAU)
1777 SARRATOGA (TURNING POINT, FRENCH GET INVOLVED)
1781 YORKTOWN (CORNWALLIS SURRENDERS TO FRENCH AND AMERICAN) ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
1780’S APPALACHIAN FRONTIER
1782 ST. JOHN de CREVECOEUR (AMERICAN MELTING POT)
1783 TREATY OF PARIS (ENDS REVOLUTION)
1785 LAND ORDINANCE 9WEST TO BE DIVIDED INTO NEW STATES, TOWNSHIP DIVISIONS SET UP, NOT SLAVERY )
1787 NORTHWEST ORDINANCE (REQUIREMENTS TO BECOME A STATE)
1788 FEDERALISTS PARTY STARTS
1789 FRENCH REVOLUTION (OFF THEIR HEADS)
PRESIDENT WASHINGTON
CONSTITUTION RATIFIED ( WITH 3/5 COMPROMISE)
1790-1830 1ST INDUTRIAL REVOLUTION
ADAM SMITH’S WEALTH OF NATIONS ( BASIS OF CAPITALISM)
1791 BILL OF RIGHTS
- AMENDMENT 1- RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL FREEDOM
- AMENDMENT 2- RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS
- AMENDMENT 3- QUARTERING OF TROOPS
- AMENDMENT 4- SEARCHES AND SEIZURES
- AMENDMENT 5- RIGHTS TO LIFE, LIBERTY,AND PROPERTY
- AMENDMENT 6- PROTECTION IN CRIMINAL TRIALS
- AMENDMENT 7- SUITS AT COMMON LAW
- AMENDMENT 8- BAIL AND PUNISHMENTS
- AMENDMENT 9- CONCERNING RIGHTS NOT ENUMERATED
- AMENDMENT 10- POWERS RESERVED TO THE STATES AND TO THE PEOPLE
1791-1811 1ST BANK OF THE UNITED STATES
1792 ANTI-FEDERALISTS PARTY STARTS CITIZEN GENET
1795 JOHN JAY TREATY (ENGLAND- ALL FOR NOTHING)
PICKNEY TREATY ( RIGHTS OF DEPOSIT)
1797 WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS
1798 AMENDMENT 11- SUITS AGAINST A STATE XYZ AFFAIR
QUAZI- NAVAL BATTLE WITH FRANCE
1800-1820 OLD NORTHWEST TERRITORY (FRONTIER)
1800 TREATY OF 1800 (TREATY OF ALLIANCE DISSOLVED)
FEDERALIST PARTY DISAPPEARS
1801 PRESIDENT- JEFFERSON
1801-1815 BARBARY PIRATES (TRIPOLI)
1803 LOUISIANA PURCHASE
MARBURY VS. MADISON 9SUPREME COURT MAY DECLARE LAW UNCONST.)
1804-1806 LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION
1804 AMENDMENT 12- ELECTION OF PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT
1805-1806 BURR CONSPIRACY (WESTERN STATES TRY TO LEAVE UNION)
1806-1807 NAPOLEON’S CONTINENTAL SYSTEM (NO TRADE WITH ENGLAND)
1807-1808 ENGLAND’S ORDERS-IN-COUNCIL (NO TRADE WITH MAINLAND FRANCE)
1807 EMBARGO ACT 9ALL TRADE STOPPED)
1809 PRESIDENT- MADISON
1812 WAR OF 1812 STARTS
1816 TREATY OF GHENT
PROTECTIVE TARIFF
1816-1836 2ND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES
1816-1825 ERA OF GOOD FEELING
1817 PRESIDENT-MONROE
RUSH-BAGOT AGREEMENT (DISARM GREET LAKES, NO BORDER FORTS)
1818 CONVENTION OF 1818 (OREGON SHARED, FISHING RIGHTS, 49TH PARALLEL)
1819 DARTMOUTH COLLEGE VS. WOODWARD (ENFORCED OBLIGATION OF CONTRACTS, EVEN FOR STATES GOVERNMENT)
MCCULLOCH VS. MARYLAND (STATE CANNOT TAX A FEDERAL AGENCY)
TRANSCONTINENTAL TREATY WITH SPAIN (FLORIDA, 42ND PARALLEL)
1820 MISSOURI COMPROMISE
MEXICAN REVOLUTION
1820-1835 MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY (FRONTIER)
1820 WOMEN’S RIGHTS INCREASED
1824 MONROE DOCTRINE
GIBBONS VS. OGDEN (STATES CAN’T GIVE LICENSES FOR INTERSTATE TRADE)
1825 PRESIDENT- JOHN QUINCY ADAMS
ANTI-FEDERALIST PARTY ENDS
1828 TARIFF RATES RAISED
DEMOCRACY PARTY STARTS
1829 PRESIDENT- ANDREW JACKSON
1830 RAILROAD INVENTED
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT (PRESIDENT COULD NEGOTIATE TREATIES)
1830-1860 ERA OF REFORM
1830-1840 2ND GREAT AWAKENING (MORMONS0
MANIFEST DESTINY
1831 NAT TURNER’S REBELLION (VIRGINIA)
FIRST EDITION OF THE LIBERATOR
JOHN C. CALHOUN’S EXPOSITION AND PROTEST
1831-1832 de TOCOUEVILLE TOURS THE U.S. (AMERICAN “MIDDLE CLASS”)
1832 NEW TRAFFIC ACT PASSED
SOUTH CAROLINA NULLIFIES TARIFFS OF 1828 AND 1832
1833 COMPROMISE TARIFF
1834 WHIG PARTY STARTS
1835-1850 FAR WEST (FRONTIER)
1836 WAR OF TEXAS INDEPENDENCE
1837 PANIC OF 1837 (EUROPEAN INVESTOR WANTED TO BE PAID, BANKS CALLED IN LOANS)
PRESIDENT MARTIN VAN BUREN
GODEY’S LADY BOOK
UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
GREECIAN AND ROMAN COLUMNS USED INARCHITECTURE
1841 WILLIAM H. HARRISON PRESIDENT
JOHN TYLER PRESIDENT
1842 WEBSTER- ASHBURN TREATY (MAINE BOUNDARY, ECONOMIC TIES SET)
1845 ANNEXATION OF TEXAS
ACQUISITION OF OREGON
PRESIDENT JAMES K. POLK “54-40’ OR FIGHT AND TEXAS TOO”
1846 OREGON TREATY (continue 49th parallel)
1847 MASSACHUSETTS REFORM (Public Education)
1848 WHIG PARTY ENDS
TRANSDENTALISM; EMERSON, THOREAU, WALDON- CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
PRAGMATISM; REALISM, “THE TRUTH”
1848 SENECA FALLS (WOMEN’S RIGHT)
MEXICAN WAR STARTS
TREATY OF GUADALUPE- HILDALGO 9MEXICAN CESSION)
GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION FAILED
1849 PRESIDENT ZACHARY TAYLOR
CALIFRONIA GOLDRUSH
1850 PRESIDENT MILLARD FILLMORE
COMPRAMISE OF 1850
CLAYTON-BULIVER TREATY (U.S. AND BRITAIN JOINTLY BUILD CANAL)
1850-1860 IMMIGRATION 9IRISH POTATOE FAMINE, GERMAN ‘48ERS (KARL MARX))
1852 UNCLE TOM’S CABIN
1853 PRESIDENT FRANKLIN PIERCE
GADSDEN PURCHASE
1854 KANSAS- NEBRASKA ACT
REPUBLICAN PARTY STARTS
1855-1890 TRANS MISSISSIPPI (FRONTIER)
1855 PERRY OPENS JAPAN
1856 VIOLENCE IN KANSAS
1857 DRED SCOTT vs. SANFORD (SLAVES ARE PROPERTY)
PRESIDENT JAMES BUSHANAN
1858 FREEPORT DOCTRINE (STEVEN DOUGLASS PROTECTS SQUATTERS RIGHTS)
TELEPHONE
FREDRICK DOUGLASS (BLACK LEADER, “STAY IN SOUTH”)
1859 JOHN BROWN’S RAID
1860-1870 BUSINESS POOLS (PRICE-FIXING)
1860’s BLACK CODES (JIM CROW LAWS)
1861 PRESIDENT- ABRAHAM LINCOLN
FORT SUMTER ATTACKED
CIVIL WAR STARTS
ANTIETAM (SOUTH LOST FOREIGN SUPPORT
1862 EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
HOMESTEAD ACT
1863 GETTYSBERG (TURNING POINT)
VICKSBURG (GENERAL GRANT DISCOVERED)
1864 CONTRACT LABOR LAWS (INITIATES VISAS)
1865 AMENDMENT 13- SLAVERY PROHIBITED
PRESIDENT- ANDREW JOHNSON
MAXIMILIAN AFFAIR
1865-1910 2ND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1867 TENURE OF OFFICE ACT (ONLY CONGRESS CAN REMOVE PUBLIC OFFICIALS)
RECONSTRUCTION ACT
PURCHASE OF ALASKA
1868 AMENDMENT 14- CIVIL RIGHTS FOR EX-SLAVES
1869 PRESIDENT- ULYSSES S. GRANT
TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD COMPLETED
1870 AMENDMENT 15- SUFFRAGE FOR BLACKS
RICHARD GREENER 91ST BLACK TO GRADUATE HARVARD, “FLEE SOUTH”)
1870-00’s OVERSEAS MANIFEST DESTINY
1871 TREATY OF WASHINGTON 9FISHING RIGHTS, BRITISH CIVIL WAS DAMAGES)
1872 ACQUISITION OF THE SAMOAN ISLANDS
1875 FRANCE FAILS TO BUILD CENTRAL AMERICAN CANAL
1875-1905 “GUILDED AGE”
1876 HAYS-TILDEN ELECTION- ELECTORAL VOTES SWITCHED
1877 LAST FEDERAL TROOPS REMOVED FROM THE SOUTH
PRESIDENT- RUTHERFORD B. HAYES
1880 AMERICAN PROTECTIVES SOCIETY (NATIVISTS)
1880-1890 IMMIGRATION (GERMANY)
1880’s-00’s BUSINESS TRUSTS
BOOKER T. WASHINGTON 9FOUNDED TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE ‘VOCATIONAL EDUCATION”, “ECONOMICS BEFORE POLITICS”) ATLANTA MOVEMENT.
1ST IMMIGRATION LAWS (AGAINST CHINESE)
1881 PRESIDENT- JAMES A. GARFIELD
PRESIDENT- CHESTER A. AURTHUR
AMERICAN RED CROSS STARTED (CLARA BARTON)
1882 EXCLUSION ACTS (1ST QUOTAS)
1886 HAYMARKET RIOTS, CHICAGO (ANTI-UNION)- RADICALS, SOCIALIST, LABOR UNIONS
WABASH, ST.LOUIS, & PACIFIC RAILROAD VS. ILLINOIS (STATE CANNOT TAX A FEDERAL AGENCY)
1889 PRESIDENT- BENJAMIN HARRISON
1890 LAST SUBVERSIVE INDIANS CONQUERED
FRONTIERS CLOSED
WATERSHED YEAR 9IN HERE FOR ANDY STERN) FIRST SKYSCRAPPERS
1892 POPULISTS- OMAHA (OSCALO, OSCALO) PLATFORM
*SILVER STANDARDS* TAXES* WORKING HOURS*
*ELECTION HOURS
1893 PRESIDENT- GROVER CLEAVLAND
FREDRICK JACKSON TURNER’S FRONTIER THESIS
1894 PULLMAN STRIKE (GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION)
1896 1ST VENEZUELA BOUNDARY DISPUTE
PLESSY VS. FURGESON (SEPARATE BUT EQUAL)
1897 PRESIDENT- WILLIAM MCKINLEY
1898 THE MAINE
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR STARTS
*CUBA* YELLOW JOURNALISM* ROUGH RIDERS
TREATY OF PARIS (PHILIPPINES, PUERTO RICO, GUAM, CUBA)
1898-1900 JOHN HAYS 9OPEN DOORS POLICY WITH CHINA)
1899 ACQUISITION OF HAWAII (DOLE, QUEEN LILLUOKALANI)
LABOR UNIONS
KNIGHTS OF LABOR* AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR 9SKILLED LABOR-GOMPERS)* AMERICAN
ORGANIZATIONS 9UNSKILLED LABOR-LEWIS REUTHUR)
3RD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1ST TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION
GOSPEL OF WEALTH, PHILANTHROPY
THE JUNGLE
1900’s BOXER REBELLION
FORAKER ACT (STARTS PUERTO RICO IN DEMOCRACY)
KKK IN POWER
PROGRESSIVE PARTY IN POWER
MUCKRACKERS * PEOPLE POLITICS * TRUST BUSTING * LABOR * PACKAGING, HEALTH AND SAFETY
1901 PRESIDENT THODORE ROOSEVELT (SQUARE DEAL)
HAY PAUNCEFOTE TREATY (ENGLAND BACKS OUT OF CANAL TREATY)
TREATY E.B. DuBIOS (“DON’T SETTLE FOR BLUE- COLLAR WORK” POLITICS MORE IMPORTANT THEN ECONOMICS)- NIAGRA MOVEMENT
1902 2ND VENEZUELA BOUNDARY DISPUTE
1903 HAY- BUNAU-VARILLA TREATY (PANAMA CANAL AGREED UPON)
1904 ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO THE MONROE DOCTRINE
1904-1905 RUSSO-JAPANESE RELATIONS 9ROOSEVELT INTERVENES)
1905 LOCHNER VS. NEW YORK STATE (STATES CANNOT RESTRICT MAXIMUM LABOR HOURS- RIGHT OF WORKERS TO SELL LABOR)
1906- BEREAU OF IMMIGRATION CREATED
1907 GENTLEMANS AGREEMENT WITH JAPAN 9STOPPED JAPANESE IMMIGRATION UNTIL 1952)
1909 PRES. WILLIAM H. TAFT (DOLLAR DIPLOMACY)
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (STARTED BY DuBOIS HELPS BLACKS WITH EMPLOYMENT AND HOUSING)
1910 NATIONAL URBAN LEAGUE (HELPS BLACKS WITH TRANSITION TO NORTH)
1912- FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM
1913 AMENDMENT 16- INCOME TAXES
AMENDMENT 17- DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS
PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON (WATCHFUL WAITING, NEW FRONTIER)
1914 PANAMA CANAL COMPLETED, RADIOS, AND CARS
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND ASSASSINATED
WORLD WAR I STARTS
1917- WILSON’S I STARTS
1918 GERMAN REVOLUTION OVERTHROWS KAISER
TREATY OF VERSAILLES 9LEAGUE OF NATIONS, BATTALION OF DEATH, SENATOR LODGE)
1919 AMENDMENT 18- NATIONAL PROHIBITION
1920 AMENDMENT 19- WOMEN SUFFRAGE ACT
MARCUS GARVEY (“BLACK IS BEAUTIFUL”, BLACK STAR STEAMSHIP CO.)
STANDARD OIL BROKEN UP
URBANIZATION COMPLETE
LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS ORGANIZED (PROMOTE POLITICALLY RESPONSIBLE CITIZENS)
1920’S-40S BUSINESS HOLDING COMPANIES
1920’S KKK HIGH-WATER MARK
RED SCARE
DISILLUSIONMENT
HARLEM RENAISSANCE
1920-1923 HARDING SCANDALS 9VETERAN’S BUREAU, TEAPOT DOME, ELK’S HILL, ATTORNEY GENERAL DAUGHERTY)
1921 PRESIDENT- WARREN G. HARDING
GERMAN DEPRESSION (HITLER TAKES THE STAGE)
1ST QUOTA ACT
REVENUE ACT (CUT TAXES DUE TO LACK OF NEED FOR MONEY)
1ST WASHINGTON CONFERENCE (RESPECT CHINA’S INDEPENDENCE)
1922 FORDNEY- MCCUMBER TARIFF ACT
1923 PRESIDENT- CALVIN COOLIDGE
1924 2ND QUOTA ACT
SNYDER INDIAN CITIZENSHIP ACT (INDIANS BORN IN US ARE CITIZENS)
1927 KELOGG- BRIAND PACT
SCOPES MONKEY TRAIL
1929 PRESIDENT- HERBERT C. HOOVER (GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY)
NATIONAL ORIGINS PROVISION (QUOTAS)
STOCK MARKET CRASH (BLACK THURSDAY)
BASE PRICE INDEX YEAR (SO WHAT!)
SMOOT- HARLEY TARIFF
1929-39 GREAT DEPRESSION
KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS (GOV’T SPENDING SOLVES DEPRESSION)
STIMOSON DOCTRINE
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT’S EMPIRE STATE BUILDING BUILT
1930’S JANPANESE EXPANSION
1932 4TH WASHINGTON CONFERENCE (5:3:1.5 NAVAL AGREEMENT)
1933 AMENDMENT 20- PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL TERMS
AMENDMENT 21- PROHIBITION REPEALED
PRESIDENT- FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT (NEW DEAL)
1933-1943 100 DAY CONGRESS (ALPHABET SOUP)
1933 1ST NEW DEAL (RELIEF AND RECOVERY )
• 1ST AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT
• CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS (PREPARE FOR WAR)
• TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY
• GLASS- STEGALL ACT (CREATED FDIC)
• PUBLIC WORKS ADMINISTRATION (PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS)
• NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION (FAIR CODES OF COMPETITION)
1934 * SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (STOP STOCK FRAUD)
1935 2ND NEW DEAL (REFORM)
• WORK PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION (URBAN IMPROVMENTS)
• SOCIAL SECURITY ACT
• WAGNER- CONNERY ACT (FORMED NATIONAL LABOR RELATION BOARD)
1935-1937 NEUTRALITY ACTS
1935 SCHECHTER POULTRY CORP VS. US (NO FEDERAL JURISDICTION OVER INTRASTATE TRADE)
1936 US VS. BUTLER (NO FEDERAL JURISDICTION OVER INTRASTATE TRADE)
1937 WORLD WAR II STATRS
ROOSEVELTS QUARANTINE SPEECH
1938 *2ND AGRICULTURAL ACT
JET PLANES INVENTED
TV SETS
A. PHILIP RANDOLPH (LABOR LEADER)
FAIR EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES COMMITTEE
1939 NAZI- SOVIET PACT
1940 SELECTIVE SERVICES ACT (1ST PEACETIME CONSCRIPTION)
DESTROYERS FOR NAVAL BASES
1941 LEND LEASE
GERMANY INVADES RUSSIA
1942 PEARL HARBOR (TELL BUSH IT WASN’T SEPTEMBER)
EL ALAMEIN (GERMANY LOOSES TO BRITAIN NEAR SEUZ)
CORAL SEA (AUSTRALIA BECOMES FREE FROM JAPANESE THREAT)
MIDWAY (US AND HAWAII BECOME FREE FROM JAPANESE THREAT)
1942-1943 STALLINGRAD (RUSSIA CORNERS GERMAN FORCES)
1943 CASA BLANCA CONVENTION
TEHRAN CONVENTION
1943-1956 DISPLACED PERSONS AND ORPHANS ACTS
1944 D-DAY (NORMANDY)
1945 YALTA CONVENTION
PRESIDENT- HARRY S. TRUMAN (FAIR DEAL)
POTSDAM CONVENTION
ATOM BOMBS DROPPED ON JAPAN
G.I. BILL (INCREASE COLLEGE ATTENDANCE)
1945-1989 COLD WAR
1947 TAFT-HARTLEY ACT (LIMIT STRIKES)
1948-1953 McCARTHYISM (RED SCARE 2)
1949 COMMUNISTS REVOLUTION SUCCEEDS IN CHINA
RUSSIA BUILDS THE BOMB
1950s-60s BUSINESS MERGERS
1950-1953 KOREAN WAR
1951 AMENDMENT 22- ANTI-THIRD TERM
1952 PUERTO RICO BECOMES A COMMONWEALTH
YOUNGSTOWN SHEET AND TUBE CO. vs. SAWYER
(FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CANNOT SEIZE PUBLIC PROPERTY WITHOUT NATIONAL PRIORITY)
McCARREAN- WALTER ACT
1953 PRESIDENT- DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CONTAINMENT, MASSIVE RETALIATION)
1954 DIEBIEPLU (NORTH VIETNAM DEFEAT FRANCE)
GENEVA ACCORD OF 1954 (LAOS, CAMBODIA, N&S VIETNAM DIVIDED)
BROWN vs. BOARD OF EDUCATION, TOPEKA, KANSAS
(SEGREGATION OF SCHOOLS ILLEGAL)
1955 BUS BOYCOTT, MOTGOMERY, ALABAMA (MRS. PARKS)
1956 HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION (US SAT ON SIDELINES)
US GAINS CONTROL OF SOUTH VIETNAM (VIETNAM WAR START, DOMINO THEORY)
1957 LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS
SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE
(MARTIN LUTHER KING, PUBLIC FACILITIES, EMPLOYMENT, VOTING)
1959 SPUTNIK I (RUSSIAN) – 1ST SUCCESSFUL SATELLITE
ARCH-WINDOWS IN ARCHITECTURE
1961 AMENDMENT 23- DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA VOTE
PRESIDENT- JOHN F. KENNEDY
BAY OF PIGS (ATTEMPTED CIA INVASION OF CUBA FAILED)
NASA CREATED
1962 CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
1963 PRESIDENT-LYNDON B. JOHNSON (GREAT SOCIETY, GUNS AND BUTTER)
MARTIN LUTHER KING’S MARCH ON WASHINGTON- “I HAVE A DREAM”
1964 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 (VOTING, PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS, FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS, EMPLOYMENT)
AMENDMENT 24- POLL TAX
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, US STOP COMMUNIST COUP
TONKIN GULF RESOLUTION (“BLANK CHECK” IN VIETNAM)
1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 (DIRECT FEDERAL REGISTRATION IF NEEDED)
CESAR CHAVEZ (ORGANIZED CHICANO LABORER)
IMMIGRATION ACT ABOLISHED QUOTAS (150,000 PER YEAR)
1966 CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY AND STUDENT NON-VIOLENT
COORDINATION COMMITTEE (VIOLENT BLACK GROUPS, “BLACK POWER”)
BLACK PANTHERS (BLACK GROUP, OVERTHROW EVERYTHING)
1967 AMENDMENT 25- PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION AND DISABILITY
1968 TAT OFFENSIVE (TURNING POINT, BUT NOT KNOWN)
1969 PRESIDENT RICHARD M. NIXON
1970’s 3RD GREAT AWAKENING (T.V. PREACHING BUSINESS CONGLOMERATES)
1971 SWANN vs. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF CHARLOTTE- MECKLENBURG, NORTH CAROLINA (BUSING TO AVOID DE FACTO SEGREGATION)
AMENDMENT 26- LOWERING VOTING AGE
1972 AMENDMENT 27- PROPOSED: SEXUAL EQUALITY (FAILED)
WATERGATE
1974 PRESIDENT GERALD R. FORD
ROE vs. WADE (ABORTIONS LEGAL)
WAR POWERS LEGAL (PREVENT PRESIDENT FROM SENDING TROOPS OVERSEAS FROM PROLONGED PERIODS OF TIME)
1975 U.S. COMPLETES PULLOUT FROM VIETNAM (VIETNAM WAR ENDS)
OIL CRISIS (LED TO THE OPENING OF ALASKA)
VIETNAMESE REFUGEE ACT
1977 PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER
1981 PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN
1987 CURRENT IMMIGRATION ACT
1989 PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH
THE NEW SOUTH AND THE NEW WEST
A. Post Reconstruction South
1. Return of White Bourbon Rule
a. Democratic Partly grows: The white mans party.
b. New Industrial South
1. Tobacco
2. Textiles
3. Furniture
4. Iron
2. Plight of the Freedmen
Sharecropping
Crop-lien System
Jim Crow Laws
Denial of the 14th and 15th Amendments
Plessy v Fergson
3. Response of the African American Community
W.E.B. Dubois
Booker T. Washington
B. Post Civil War West
1. Settlement of the Great Plains
a. Century of Dishonor, Distruction of a war of life
1. Reservation System
2. Indian Wars
3. Killing of Buffalo
2. Three Frontiers of the Great Plains
a. Mining
1. Continual Search for New Riches
2. Skimming the Surface-The Independent Miner
b. Ranching
Cowboys
Cattle Trails
Cow towns
Open Range
3. Farming
Homestead Act
OLD IMMIGRANTS
Great Britain
Ireland
Germany
Holland
France
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
Frontier was still open made adjustments easier
NEW IMMIGRANTS
Italy
Greece
Austria-Hungary
Serbia
Rumania
Poland
Russia
Frontier was closed therefore most immigrants settles in cities as factory workers.
The U.S. A nation of Immigrants
From 1783 to 1820------250,000
Decade
1621-1830-----143,000
1831-1840----- 600,000
1841-1850-----1,700,000
1851-1860-----2,600,000
1861-1870-----2,300,000
1871-1880-----2,800,000
1881-1890-----5,200,000
1891-1900-----3,700,000
1901-1910-----8,800,000
1911-1920-----5,700,000
More Immigrants cane to America between 1890 and 1920 than in the previous 100 years. Easier travel and news about America Freedoms finally reached Southern Eastern Europe and Japan.
Half Decade
1921-1925-----2,639,000
1926-1930-----1,468,000
1931-1935-----220,000
1936-1940-----308,000
1941-1945-----171,000
1946-1950-----864,000
1951-1955-----1,088,000
1956-1960-----1,428,000
1961-1965-----1,450,000
1966-1970-----1,871,000
1971-1975-----1,936,000
Immigration from the end of the American Revolution to 1890.
1. Major Period of Immigration
A. 1783-1830 (age of Jefferson)
Napoleon Wars
B. 1830-1860 (to the beginning of Civil War)
Most came from Ireland and Germany.
The Irish long denied self government by
England.
Failed German Revolution in 1848
Potato Famine affected both.
C. 1860-1880 (approx close of the Frontier)
After the Civil War many Immigrants attached
by claims of land, give away
freedom, etc….
New sources Sweden, Norway, and Denmark looking for fertile soil.
IMMIGRATION FROM THE CLOSE OF THE FRONTIER TO THE BEGINNING OF WORLD WAR 1 (1890-1914)
1. NEW IMMIGRANTS
CHARACTERISTICS
A. FROM 1880 TO 1910 SOME 8,800,000 PERSONS ENTERED THE UNITED
STATES
B. THE NEW IMMIGRANTS ORIGINATED CHIEFLY IN SOUTHERN AND
EATERN EUROPE: ITALY, GREECE, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, SERBIA,
RUMANIA, RUSSIAN POLAND, AND RUSSIA
C. SETTLED IN U.S. CITIES AS FACTORY WORKERS
D. EXPERIENCED DIFFICULTY IN ADJUSTING TO AMERICAN WAYS OF
LIFE
2. OPPOSITION TO IMMIGRATION
MANY AMERICAN DISAPPROVED OF THE “NEW IMMIGRANTS”
REASONS
A. WITH THE FRONTIER CLOSED, THERE WAS NO MORE FREE CHEAP
LAND FOR THE IMMIGRANTS
B. AMERICAN INDUSTRY HAD SUFFICIENT AMERICAN WORKERS ( THE
NEW IMMIGRANT COMPETED FOR JOBS)
C. THE NEW IMMIGRANTS WERE DIDDICULT TO AMERICANIZE
D. SOME PEOPLE FELT THE NEW IMMIGRANT WAS PHYSICALLY
AND MENATLLY INFERIOR. THIS WAS KNOWN AS
THE “THEORY OF NORDIC SUPREMACY.”
3. IN DEFENSE OF “NEW IMMIGRANTS”
A. NEW IMMIGRANTS ASSIMILATED AS WELL AS HAD ANOTHER GROUP
B. NEW IMMIGRANTS AND RURAL AMERICANS FLOCKED INTO THE
CITIES. BOTH CONTRIBUTED TO THE URBAN PROBLEMS
C. NEW IMMIGRANTS STIMULATED INDYSTRIAL GROWTH BY
ENLARGING DOMESTIC MARKETS
D. NORDIC SUPREMACY WAS PROVEN FALSE
E. NEW IMMIGRANTS CONTRIBUTED GREATLY TO AMERICAN LIFE.
EARLY STEPS RESTRICTING IMMIGRATION
1. THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT 1882
2. THE GENTLEMENS AGREEMENT 1907- T. ROOSEVELT
AND JAPANESE
3. THE LITERACY TEST ACT 1917- VETOED BY WILSON
SOME OUTSTANDING IMMIGRANTS
1. BRITSH
- ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL (TELEPHONE)
- ANDREW CARNEGIE (STEEL)
2. FRENCH
- ELEWTHER DUPONT (GUN POWDER)
3. GERMAN
- JOHN BAUSCH AND HENRY LOMB (OPTICAL)
4. JEWISH
- SAMUEL GOMPERS (ENGLAND)
- IRVING BERLIN (RUSSIA)
- ALBERT EINSTIEN (GERMANY)
THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL ISM 1860’S-1890’S
1.Binding the nation with systems of transportation and communication.
A. THE GROWTH OF CITIES
1. In 1870 75% of Americans lived outside of the city limits.(rural)
2. By 1900 60% lived in the rural areas.
3. By 1900 there were 30 million urban dwellers.
4. The tremendous urban growth was the result of many revolutionary developments.
A. New power sources
B. New inventions
C. Enormous expansion of transportation systems.
D. Tremendous growth in communication.
B. THE GROWTH OF RAIL ROADS
1. Between 1870 and 1900 the railway mileage soared from 53,000 miles to over 190,000 miles.
2. During the same years railroads improved in speed, comfort and safety.
3. Coal replaces wood as a more efficient fuel.
4. George Westinghouse patented the air brake.
5. George Pullman invents the sleeper car, dinning car, and parlor car.
6. Transcontinental railroad completed May 10, 1869 at promontory point, Utah, and United States was joined from coast to coast.
C. Improvements in communications
1. Until the 1870’s the telegraph was the best form of communication. (1830’s telegraph developed.)
2. 1866 transatlantic cable.
3. 1876 telephone.
D. Other influential inventions
1. Typewriter
2. Improved postal system
3. Camera
4. Bessemer process (steel)
INDUSTRIALIZATION
POOL- AN AGREEMENT USUALLY SECRET, AMONG COMPETING COMPANIES TO FIX PRICES.RULED ILLEGAL BY THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT OF 1887.
TRUST- A MORE PERMANENT CONSOLIDATION THAN A POOL.RULED ILLEGAL SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT 1890.
HOLDING COMPANY- A GROUP BUYS SUFFICIENT VOTING STOCK IN THE ATTEMPT TO CONTROL THEM. SOME ARE ILLEGAL MANY EXIST TODAY.
ROLE OF THE INDUSTRIALIST
R.R
CORNELUS VANDERBILT: BUILT THE NEW YORK CENTRAL. HE DESPISED GOVERNMENT REGULATION. “WHAT DO I CARE FOR LAW? HAINT I GOT THE POWER.”
JAMES J. HILL: BUILT THE GREAT NORTHERN R.R. DID NOT RECEIVE FEDERAL LAND GRANTS EAST CREDIT TERMS FOR TRANSPORTATION.
OIL
JOHN D. ROCKFELLER: FORMED STANDARD OIL. RECEIVED SECRET REBATES. RUTHLESSLY FORCED OUT COMPETITORS.
STEEL
ANDREW CARNEGIE: START IN THE R.R THEN ENTERED STEEL. HE PIONEERED THE USE OF THE BESSEMER PROCESS. BUILT THE CARNEGIE STEEL CO. BUILT A MONOPOLY OF STEEL, WITH MORGANS HELP.
FINANCE
J.P. MORGAN: JOINED WITH CARNEGIE-BOUGHT CARGNEGIE STEEL AND BUILT THE FIRST BILLION DOLLARS CORP U.S. STEEL.
OTHER BUSINESS LEADERS:
GUSTAUUS SWIFT AND PHILLIP D. ARMOR-MEAT PACKING
CHARLES A. PHILLISBURG-FLOUR MILLING
JAMES B. DUKE-CIGARETTE MANUFACTURING (LUCKY STRIKE)
ANDREW W. MELLON-ALUMINUM (ALCOA)
Changing America
A.Continuing Need for a labor supply
1.Source of supply
A.Adult workers from farms
B.Child labor
2.Arrival of New Immigrants
A.Southern Europe
B.Eastern Europe
C.Asia
3.Response of the Old Immigrants(Nativist Sentiments)
A.Fear of Catholics and Jews.
B.Lack of Appreciation for Cultured Differences
C.Call for immigration Restriction(Immigration Restriction League)
B.Urban Ration of America
1.Opportunities
A.Jobs
B.Education
C.Entry into Middle Class
2.Disadvantages
A.Crowded Slum Conditions
B.Noise
C.Filth
D.Health Hazards
E.Safety Hazards
3.Response
A.Settlement House Movement- Jane Addam
B.Public Safety
4.Government Changes
A.Rise at Political Machines Tamany Hall- Tweed Ring
C. Growth in the Sciences
1. Astronomy
A.Close up picture of Moon
B.Discover moons and Planets
2. Biology
A.Genetics
3. Physics
A.Velocity of light
4. Technology
A. Abundance of invention DYNAMO
5. Arts
A.Painting and Architecture
D. Farer’s Problems in Post Civil War America
1. Technological Revolution
2. More Acres Under Cultivation
3. Better Yield
5.Financial Obstacles- middle men R.R. etc….
E. Agrarian Revolt
1. Grange
a. Cooperative
b. Legislation
c. Action of the Courts
2. The Populist Party
a. Political Change
b. social change
3. Progressive
THE FRONTIER
REASONS FOR WESTWARD MIGRATION
1. Adventure
2. Improved economic conditions
3. Greater social and political Democracy
After the Civil War
1. Veterans were restless for new homesteads
2. Farmers needed to replace damaged land
3. Europeans responded to advertising
4. Transcon RR sold granted land
5. Homestead Act
6. Mining
7. Ranching
Cattle Kingdom
Located mostly in Kansas
Long Drives Baxter Springs Ks, Dodge City Ks, Wichita Ks.
Range Wars
Influence of the Frontier
1. Social Equality – The West judged a man by his deeds, not his Ancestry.
2. Growth of political Democracy
3. Nationalism – depended on the Federal Government
4. Faith in the Future – inspired by bountiful resources
5. Economic Independence
6. Safety Valve for Factory workers - conditions began to improve –competition
7. Inventions
8. Writings of Frederick Jackson Turner
THE U.S. UNDERTAKES A POLICY OF IMPERIALISM.
Reasons For a Turn towards Imperialism
1. Industrial Revolution.
Industrialists began to look abroad sources of
A. New raw materials.
B. New Markets
C. New places to invest surplus capital.
(avoid Taxes& Regulations)
2. Close of the Western Frontier.
3. Example of European Nations.
G.B. Cape-to-Cairo African empire.
(purchase of the Suez canal facilitated this)
4. American Nationalism
American political expansionists urged the U.S. Gov. to take its
rightful place Among the world leaders, wit the use of imperialism.
Captain Alfred Mahan’s book “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History” fueled many of These imperialistic feelings.
T.R. among them.
First Colonial Acquisitions
1. Alaska 1867
Sec of State William Seward agreed to the purchase. Seward’s Folly.
1. Gratitude for Russia’s support of the union
2. Desire to reduce foreign possessions in N. America
Cost - 7.2 million dollars. State hood in 1959.
2. Samoan Islands and Midway. Major refueling harbors.
3. Hawaii
1. Served as a refueling and supply center.
2. Attracted many missionaries.
3. Attracted many American investors.
(Almost all sugar grown in Hawaii was sold in the U.S.)
In 1983 American settlers overthrew the Hawaiian Government.
They established a temporary republic then quickly asked for U.S. Annexation. President Cleveland opposed annexation , But President McKinley approved the annexation.
1898 annexed 1959 statehood. 50th state.
Granger to Populist to Progressive
Hawaii - Manifest Destiny or Imperialism ?
Spanish American War -
Humanitarian Aid or Preparation for War?
Sinking of the Maine. Who Done It????????
Freedom of the Press or Yellow Journalism?
Teddy R. - Hero or Glory Hound?
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
Cuban background.
A. Early American interest.
Strategic location
Key defense base.
Americans feared stronger Euro Powers, should Cuba fall.
Before the Civil War it could have been another Pro-slave state.
The Ostend Manifesto declared that if the U.S. could not buy Cuba we could take it by force. It was repudiated but demonstrated the considerable American sentiment.
B. Despotic Spanish Rule
Spain denied civil rights.
denied political rights
Levied heavy taxes
Restricted foreign trade
Ruthlessly suppressed all rebellions
1895 sever economic depression hit Cuba sparking a
Cuban revolt for Independence.
CAUSES FOR U.S. INVOLVEMENT
A. Humanitarian
General Weyler killed over 200,000 civilians.
B. Economic interests
Sugar & Tobacco.
C. Yellow Journalism
De Lome Letter called Pres McKinley weak & incompetent
D. Sinking of The Maine.
260 American lives lost.
Jingoists pushed for war. Jingo-imperialists



OUTBREAK OF WAR
President McKinley tried to avert war
Public sentiment over the Sinking of the Maine, forced McKinley to ask congress to declare War.
Congress approved but insisted that Cuba become independent.
Teller Amendment declared that Cuba would not be annexed.
CONDUCT OF WAR
Became a war vs. Spain & all of her possessions.
Battle Cry remember the Maine.
Admiral Dewey in the Pacific destroyed the Spanish Fleet @ Manila.
Spanish fleet destroyed at Santiago, Cuba.
T. Roosevelt/ San Juan Hill
John Hay/American Diplomat called this the Splendid Little War.
More Americans died from tropical diseases and stroke.
Walter Reed studied yellow fever (later to be wiped out)
TREATY OF PARIS
Thoroughly beaten, Spain agreed to the following terms.
Cuba was freed from Spanish control.
Puerto Rico and Guam were ceded to the U.s.
The Philippines were sold to the U.s. for 20 million dollars.
Later the U.S. will annex unclaimed Wake.
Primarily to serve as a station for the pacific cable from Manila to San Francisco
America pressured the Cubans to include in their Constitution the Platt Amendment.
It stated that Cuba
Would not sign any foreign treaty that would threaten her independence.
Allowed the U.S. to intervene to preserve Cuban independence.
Would grant the U.S. naval Bases. Guantanamo Bay.
THE FRONTIER
REASONS FOR WESTWARD MIGRATION
1. Adventure
2. Improved economic conditions
3. Greater social and political Democracy
After the Civil War
1. Veterans were restless for new homesteads
2. Farmers needed to replace damaged land
3. Europeans responded to advertising
4. Transcon RR sold granted land
5. Homestead Act
6. Mining
7. Ranching
Cattle Kingdom
Located mostly in Kansas
Long Drives Baxter Springs Ks, Dodge City Ks, Wichita Ks.
Range Wars
Influence of the Frontier
1. Social Equality – The West judged a man by his deeds, not his Ancestry.
2. Growth of political Democracy
3. Nationalism – depended on the Federal Government
4. Faith in the Future – inspired by bountiful resources
5. Economic Independence
6. Safety Valve for Factory workers - conditions began to improve –competition
7. Inventions
8. Writings of Frederick Jackson Turner
GILDED AGE IN REVIEW
POLITICS
The Presidencies of Lincoln through T. Roosevelt mark the boundaries of the politics during this half century.
The Compromise of 1877
Southern Democrats would accepted Rutherford B. Hayes as the Republican president, if the last remaining Union troops would be pulled out. With this arrangement the country would be finally reunited.
The Hayes agreement marked the end of the governments commitment to African -Americans.
Stalwarts
Favored the spoils system.
Half Breeds
Favored civil service reform.
Election of 1880.
Garfield a half breed wins the presidency. Showed signs of reform.
Garfield is assassinated before reforms could be made.
Vice President Arthur ( a stalwart) becomes President.
To the surprise of fellow stalwarts Arthur supports reform by signing into law the Pendleton Act 1883 which established examinations for civil service positions.
The Green - Back labor Party
Major 3rd party that pulled over a million votes in 1878 and elected 14 members to Congress.
Their Platform was
Farm price protections
Cooperative marketing of agricultural products
Public control & regulation of private enterprise
Railroads should be treated as Public Utilities
THE ECONOMY
The New South
Becomes textile oriented. Steel and tobacco will propel the economy
Standard of Living
Rises sharply, but distribution of wealth is very uneven.
10% of the Population controlled 90% of the wealth.
Social Darwinism
The Robber Barons promoted The Gospel of Wealth to justify their “wealth at any cost”.
The wealthy claimed that God granted wealth as grace for spiritual salvation. Develop the survival of the fittest mentality.
Labor Unrest
Massive labor disorder erupted nation wide.
Paralyzing Railroad strike 1877. Hayes had to call in troops to restore order.
Immigrant workers began fighting among themselves in California, where Irish and Chinese workers fought for economic survival.
Labor Unions
Cry for protection from the middle class.
The National Labor Union (1866) 600,00 members - failed under economic instability.
The Knights of Labor - opened its membership to women and African-Americans.
One million members. Could not weather economic hard times. The final blow was the Bloody Haymarket riot of in 1886.
Agrarian Militancy through the National Grangers. Withheld crop production. Short lived success.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
Urbanization was the major cultural phenomenon.
Skyscrapers and Immigrants
Sky scrapers become common with the invention of the elevator (Elisha Otis).
Dumbbell housing- fills a housing shortage for immigrants.
Lack of government policy to deal with the influx of humanity.
City governments soon become responsible for the Immigration responsibility.
Social Gospel
The idea that society should take care of the under privileged.
Jane Addams & Washington Gladden pushed forth creation of
Settlement houses.
Better health services
Better education
Salvation Army is Created
Public Education expands
African-American Leaders
Booker T Washington - devoted to vocational education for Af/Am.
W.E.B. Dubois - push for civil rights equality
Feminism
The new urban environment encouraged Feminist activism.
Millions of women worked outside of the home.
Women demanded voting rights.
I. MEANING AND OBJECTIVES
1. POLITICAL REFORMS
A. To wipe out such practices as graft, machine politics, and business domination of government.
B. To set up political procedure to assure the people closer control over the government.
2. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC REFORMS
A. to eliminate practices harming farmers, workers, tenement dwellers, and consumers
B. to expand government regulation over our economy so as to further the public interest
II. SOURCES OF PROGRESSIVE STRENGTH
1. FARMERS
A. They wanted tighter regulation of railroads, lower tariffs, and easier credit.
2. URBAN MIDDLE CLASSES
A. They favored lower tariffs, more government regulations of industry, and the extension of democracy
3. WORKERS
4. WRITERS
A. Generally known as muckrakers
5. POLITICAL LEADERS
A. progressive leaders achieved office and furthered reform at all three levels of the government
III. ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT
1. POLITICAL REFORM
A. city and state action
(1) direct primaries
(2) corrupt practice laws
(3) the Australian ballot
(4) the initiative and referendum
(5) recall
(6) the commission
2. GOVERNMENT
A. Federal action
(1) direct election of senators
(2) nationwide Woman Suffrage
(3) 19th Amendment (1920)
3. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC REFORM
A. city and state action
(1) state regulations of intrastate railroads and public utilities
(2) consumer protection laws
(3) fair tax laws
(4) child labor laws
(5) woman’s labor laws
(6) welfare benefits enacted for the dependent children, widows, and the aged
(7) factory inspection laws
(8) workmen’s compensation
B. federal action
(1) expanded federal regulation of railroads, industrial combinations, and banks
(2) conservation measures preserved America’s natural resources
(3) consumer protection laws
(4) an income tax was authorized by the 16th Amendment (1913)
(5) legitimate union activities
(6) federal funds were used for long-term, low-interest loans to help farmers
IV. WEAKNESS OF THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT
1. UNEVEN PATTERN OF REFORM
2. COURT ROADBLOCKS
3. SURVIVAL OF POLITICAL MACHINES
V. DISAPPEARANCE OF THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT
1. By the early 1920s, progressivism had died out because many progressive reforms had become laws and the public had lost its enthusiasm for further reforms. Also, the American people had turned their attention from domestic matters to foreign affairs with the coming of World War I. After the war, Americans were tired of public affairs and looked on reform with apathy.
VI. HERITAGE OF THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT
1. The progressive promoted the belief that government has the responsibility to act for the people’s welfare. The progressive era marked the transition from Laissez-Faire to government regulation of the economy
THE SPLIT OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY
1. Roosevelt was displeased with Taft’s administration
2. He decides to run for the presidency
3. Taft’s forces control the republican convention and succeed in nominating him as the republican candidate – These forces refused to seat some of the Roosevelt delegates
4. Roosevelt and his supporters are furious
5. They start a third party (progressives)
6. The bull moose symbolized Roosevelt
7. In 1901- Roosevelt’s policies centered around the square deal
8. In 1912- Roosevelt called of referred to his policies as “New Nationalism” – the extension of the powers of the federal government to bring about Progressive Legislation
9. The Democrats tool advantage of the split
10. Woodrow Wilson- governor of New Jersey- a progressive
11. Quiet- Scholarly man
12. President of Princeton University
13. Wilson believed the President of the U.S. should be a strong leader
14. He called his policies – New Freedom –
Electoral Vote Popular Vote
Wilson 435 Wilson 6 million out of 15 million
Roosevelt 88 Wilson was a minority President
Taft 8
WILSON’S NEW FREEDOM
1. Equality of opportunity to Americans
WILSON’S TARIFF REFORM
1. High tariff favor large businesses (Trusts)
Wilson passes the Underwood Tariff – This Tariff reduces the Taxes – lower Tariff – a low Tariff causes a loss of revenue (money) – the 16th Amendment (income Tax) makes up for this loss – 1%-6% tax on salaries - $3000 or more
IN 1914 A SERB ASSASSINATED THE HEIR TO THE AUSTRO-HUNGARAIN
THRONE- WWI BEGINS.
FUNDAMENTAL CAUSES OF WWI
1. NATIONALISM
2. IMPERIAL ISM
3. MILITARISM
4. INTERNATINAL ANARCHY
IN NOV. 1916 WILSON WON RELECTION WITH THE SLOGAN “HE KEPT US OUT OF WAR” 5 MONTHS LATER APRIL 1917 WILSON ASKED CONGRESS TO DECLARE WAR ON GERMANY.
THE MAIN REASONS WERE
1. UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE BY GERMANY.
A. SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA. (1915)
B. SUSSEX PLEDGE (1916)
C. RENEWED UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE AGAIN (1917)
2. ALLIED PROPAGANDA
3. HOSTILITY TOWARDS GERMANY
4. AMERICAN ECONOMIC INTEREST
5. AMERICAN IDEALISM
6. AMERICAN SECURITY
MILITARY ASPECTS OF THE WAR
1.WORLDWIDE INVOLVEMENT
FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY, ALL MAJOR NATIONS WERE INVOLVED IN THE WAR.
2. NEW WEAPONS
TANKS, PLANES, U-BOATS, CHEMICAL WARFARE
3. NAVAL WARFARE
U-BOATS
WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS
1. OPEN COVENANTS
2. FREEDOM OF THE SEAS
3. REMOVAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE BARRIERS
4. REDUCTION OF ARMS
5. IMPARTIAL ADJUSTMENT OF COLONIAL CLAIMS
(6-13) ADJUSTMENT OF EUROPEAN BOUNDARIES
14. ESTABLISHMENT OF A LEAGUE OF NATIONS
DOMESTIC EFFECTS
1. INCREASING PRESIDENTAL POWERS. WILSON PROVIDED STRONG WARTIME LEADERSHIP. WILSON COMMANDED AN ARMY OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES REPRESENTING A TREMENDOUS EXSPANSION OF FEDERAL AND EXECUTIVCE POWER.
2. MOBLIZING THE ECONOMY THE WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD, HEADED BY BENARD BARUCH.
THE WAR LABOR BOARD
THE RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION
THE SHIPPING BOARD
THE FUEL ADMINISTRATION
THE FOOD ADMINISTRTION, HEADED BY HERBERT HOOVER.
3. INFLUENCING PUBLIC OPINION THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION CONTRASTED AMERICAN IDEALISM WITH GERMAN MILITARISM AND AGGRESSION.
PUNISHING ESPIONAGE AND SEDITION.
(A) THE ESPIONAGE ACT 1917
(B) THE SEDITION ACT 1918
FINANCING THE WAR
(A) RAISED INCOME TAXES
(B) BORROWED FROM THE AMERICAN PEOPLE BY SELLING THEM LIBERTY AND VICTORY BONDS, SECURING $21 BILLION, OR TWO- THIRDS OF THE WAR’S COST
PROVIDING MILITARY MANPOWER
(A) CONGRESS PASSED SEVERAL SELECTIVE SERVICE ACTS.
WORLDWIDE INVOLVEMENT
(A) FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY, ALL MAJOR NATION THROUGHOUT THE WORLD WERE INVOLVED IN THE SAME WAR. PEOPLES FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD PROVIDED COMBAT FORCES.
NEW WEAPONS
(A) SUBMARINES
(B) TANKS
(C) POISON GAS
(D) AIRPLANE
NAVAL WARFARE
EUROPE: MAJOR THEATER OF WARFARE
(A) EASTERN FRONT. RUSSIAN FORCES SUFFERED CRUSHING DEFEATS, INFLICTED CHIEFLY BY GERMAN ARMIES.
(B) SOUTHERN FRONT. BY 1917 THE CENTRAL POWERS HAD OVERRUN MOST OF THE BALKANS BUT HAD WON NO DECISIVE BATTLE IN ITALY.
(C) WESTERN FRONT. IN 1914 GERMAN ARMIES OVERRAN BELGIUM AND NORTHERN FRANCE UNTIL HALTED BY DESPERATE FRENCH AND BRIITSH RESISTANCE AT THE BATTLE OF THE MARNE.
HISTORY OF GERMANY
UNTIL 1803- HOY ROMAN EMPIRE
SMALL GERAMAN STATES- RULING PRINCES
HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR OVER ALL THE STATES
AUSTRIA DOMINATES
HAPSBURG DYNASTY
1812- CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE
AUSTRIA NOW IS RIVALED BY ANOTHER GERMAN STATE- PRUSSIA
1860- WILLIAM I BECAME RULER OF PRUSSIA
CHIEF MINSTER- OTTO VON BISMARCK MAKES PRUSSIA VERY
MILITARISTIC.
1866- AUSTRIAN- PRUSSIAN WAR (SEVEN WEEKS WAR)
PRUSSIA WINS, BUT DOESN’T INVADE AUSTRIA NORTH GERMAN
CONFEDERATION CREATED (AUSTRIA EXCLUDED- NOT ALLOWED
TO JOIN_
1870- FRANCO PRUSSIAN WAR
ALL OF GERMANY UNITES AGAINST FRANCE. (GERMANY WINS WAR)
GERMANY TAKES ALSACE- LORRAONE FROM FRANCE.
GERMANY NOW NEEDS ALLIANCES TO PRTOECT HER TERRITORY.
GREAT FEAR- FRANCE- RUSSIAN ALLIANCE GERMANY IN MIDDLE.
1880- CONFLICT IN THE BALKANS
RUSSIA- NEEDS WARM WATER PORTS- INTERESTED IN BALKANS
RUSSIA- WAR WITH TURKEY
GERMANY- ENGLAND FORCED RUSSIA TO LEAVE
RUSSIA NOW HOSTILE TO GERMANY
1890- WILHELM II BECOMES RULER OF GERMANY
REMOVES BISMARK
STARTS BUILDING A LARGE ARMY
BEGINS COLONIAL EFFORTS
1894- FRANCE- RUSSIA BECOME ALLIES
BOTH FEAR WILLIAM II AMBITIOUS EXSPANSION
1907- ENGLAND JOINS FRANCE, RUSSIA
EUROPE DIVIDED INTO CAMPS
FRANCE, RUSSIA, ENGLAND vs. GERMANY, ITALY, AUSTRIA
1.TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH
2. 2ND HAGUE CONFERENCE
WOODROW WILSON- ANTI-WAR TREATIES WITH 21 NATIONS
WILLIAM J. BRYAN- SEC. OF STATE
SPARK LEADING TO W.W.I
ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FERNINAND OF AUSTRIA BY SERBIAN NATIONALS WHO WANTED TO FREE ALL SLAVIC PEOPLE UNDER AUSTRIAN RULE
SARAJEVO, BOSNIA (PROVINCE IN AUSTRIA) JUNE 28, 1914 AUSTRIA- HUNGARY SENDS ULTIMATUM TO SERBIA- JULY 28, 1914 – AUSTRIA- HUNGARY DECLARES WAR ON SERBIA.
CHAIN REACTION OF WAR
JULY 28, 1914
AUSTRIA- HIUNGARY vs. SERBIA (SLAVIC PEOPLE)
AUGUST 1
GERMANY vs. RUSSIA (PROTECTION OF THE SLAVS)
AUGUST 3
GERMANY vs. FRANCE
GREAT BRITIAN vs. GERMANY
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
ANTI-WAR SOCIETIES
PAMPHLETS AGAINST WAR
INDUSTRIALIZATION BRINGS WORLD INTERDEPENCE
BIRTH OF WORLD ECONOMY
NEED FOR PEACE
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF AMERACIN REPUBLICS
GOAL= ABOLISH WAR & PROMOTE PEACE
1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF 1889- 90 AMERICAN STATES
WASHIINGTON D.C.
ARBITRATION
1910- PAN- AMERICAN UNION
DISCUSSES COMMON PROBLEMS
1948- NAME CHANGE
ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS)
JAMES G. BLAINE- SEC. OF STATE TO GARFIELD
PIONEER ON OAN- AMERICAN RELATIONS
AMERICAN IMPERIALISM- BIGGEST DRAWBACK TO PAN- AMERICAN RELATIONS.
WORLD PEACE TALKS
FIRST HAGUE CONFERENCE- 1899
HAGUE, NETHERLANDS
26 NATIONS ATTENDED
CALLED BY TSAR OF RUSSIA
MEDIATION- NEUTRAL NATION RECOMMENDS SOLUTION TO
PROBLEM.
ARBITRATION- NATIONS IN CONFLICT AGREE TO ACCEPT SOLUTION
BY NEUTRAL NATION.
COURT OF ARBITATION- SET UP BASIC RULES FOR WAR DISCUSSED
SECOND HAGUE CONFERENCE- 1907
CALLED BY TSAR AND T. ROOSEVELT
44 NATIONS ATTENDED
1) ADOPT6 DRAGO DOCTRINE
2) DEVELOP FURTHER GUIDELINES- RULES FOR WAR
THIRD HAGUE CONFERENCE PLANNED BUT WAR BREAKS OUT
AMERICAN PEACE LEADERS
EDWARD GINN- GRANT TO BUILD WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION
ANDREW CARNEGIE- CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL
PEACE
1) PERMANENT COURT OF ARBITRATION (HAGUE)
2) PAN- AMERICAN UNION BUILDING
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
• The Western Front ran some 300 miles across the face of Western Europe, from Belgium to Switzerland. The front consisted of opposing trenches, sometimes only yards apart. The trench warfare of World War I lasted for three years and took several million lives. The Battle of the Somme, an attack by the Allies trying to break through the German lines, took more than four months. The allies gained only six miles. British and French casualties were 95,675 Britons killed and 60,729 Frenchmen killed. The defense cost the Germans 164,055 soldiers killed.
• Overall German casualties during the War (wounded and killed) were 7,142,558, some 65% of all German soldiers who were mobilized. French casualties were 6,610,800, an astounding 73% of all men mobilized. British Empire casualties were 3,190,235, “only” 36% of men mobilized. U.S. casualties were 350,300, a “minimal” 8% of mobilized personnel. Counting al combatants over the entire War, 65 million men were mobilized, 8.5 million killed, 21.2 million wounded, and 7.7 million taken prisoner or missing in action.
• The trenches were muddy and often flooded with water. The bodies of dead and wounded men and animals fouled them. Corpses lay in the no man’s land between the trenches. Enemy snipers, rats, lice, and stench from the decaying bodies contributed to the misery of the trenches. Toward the end of the war the German soldiers had little food.
• An attack was preceded by bombardments, some lasting for days. In order to mount an attack, soldiers carrying rifles and packs had to go “over the top”. Once in the no man’s land they faced barbed wire entanglements, machine guns, bombardment (often by their own misdirected guns), grenades, poison gas and fire from the opposing trenches.
• The First World War was the first conflict in which airplanes were used to attack enemy positions.
• The First World War was primarily between two European alliances. The “Central Powers” consisted of Germany and Austria- Hungary. The “Allies” were Britain, France and Russia. Various smaller states and areas outside of Europe were also involved. Turkey was an ally of the “Central Powers” and lost most of her empire as a result. Brithish, french and South African troops captured German possessions in Africa. After the Russian Revolution in 1917 the Bolsheviks sued for a separate peace.
. The Western front was in stalmate until the U.S. entered the war. Fressh troops and supplies tipped the scales in favoe of the allies. The Armistice was signed on November 11, 1918 and the Treaty of Versailles was imposed on Germany In June 1919.
WHY DID THE UNITED STATES HAVE
A PROHIBITION MOVEMENT?
PROHIBITION IN THE U.S. WAS A MEASURE TO REDUCE DRINKING BY ELIMINATING THE BUSINESS WHICH MANUFACTURED, DISTRIBUTED AND SOLD ALCOHOL FOR THE PURPOSE OF CONSUMPTION.
THE 18TH AMENDMENT TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION TOOK AWAY LICENSE TO DO ALCOHOLIC BUSINESS.
THE LEADERS OF THE PROHIBITION MOVEMENT WERE ALARMED AT THE DRINKING BEHAVIOR OF AMERICANS. THEY WERE CONCERNED THAT THERE WAS A DEVELOPING PATTERN WHICH WOULD LEAD TO A “CULTURE OF DRINK” IN THE LARGER CITIES IT WAS NOT UNCOMMON TO FIND ONE SALOON FOR EVERY 150 PEOPLE.
IN WESTWAY, OHIO, A SMALL MINING TOWN
OF 1000 PEOPLE THERE WERE 16 SALOONS.
THAT IS 1 SALOON FOR EVERY 62.5 PEOPLE.
THAT INCLUDES CHILDREN.
THE PROHIBITION MOVEMENT GAINED GREAT MOMENTUM AFTER THE FORMATION OF
“ THE ANTI SALOON LEAGUE.”
DRINKING WAS ROUGHLY ESTIMATED TO BE UP 30% BY 1925.
18TH AMENDMENT (1919)
SECTION 1
After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sales, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
ALLOWED MEDICAL AND SACRAMENTAL USE
PASSED BY CONGRESS DEC 18TH 1917.
KNOWN AS THE VOLSTEAD ACT OR THE PROHIBITION ACT.
RATIFIED BY CONGRESS JAN, 16TH 1919
WENT INTO EFFECT JAN. 16TH, 1920
FDR and THE FIRST NEW DEAL
• FDR constructed an inner circle of unofficial advisors known as thew BRAIN TRUST. They were all prominent and influential in their respect fields.
• The New Deal program came from the pragmatic thinking of the Brain Trust.
• The New Deal was a series of Bold Experimentation’s (See Hand Out)
• The repeal of Prohibition February 1933. Too much man power to control.
• The Banking crisis. Bank Runs - Bank Holidays.
• All the above fell into the period of Executive time called the First 100 Days.
• Tradition has now used the 1st 100 days as barometer for presidential success.
• The Hand Out describes many of the Legislative programs that were enacted at this time
• The New Deal Slows down by 1935 which leads FDR to create a Second New Deal. More of the same.
• Court Packing became a major political Hot Potato. FDR wanted to increase the SC from 9 to 12.
I.FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT: BACKGROUND AND PERSONALITY.
1. A MEMBER OF A WEALTHY NEW YORK LANDOWNING FAMILY, FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT WAS EDUCATED A HARVARD UNIVERSITY AND COLUMBIA LAW SCHOOL.
2. HE SERVED A TERM IN THE NEW YORK STATE LEGISLATURE AND IN 1912 SUPPORTED WOODROW WILSON, WHO APPOINTED HIM ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE LAW.
3. ROOSEVELT DEMOSTRATED RESOURCEFULNESS AND ALSO ABSORBED WILSONIAN PROGRESSIVISM AND IDEALISM
4. NOMINATED FOR VICE PRESIDENT IN 1020, ROOSEVELT, TOGETHER WITH PRESIDENTAL NOMINEE JAMES M. COX, BATTLED UNSUCCESSFULLY FOR THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
5. IN 1921 FDR WAS PARALYZED BY AN ATTACK OF POLIO
6. HE FOUGHT BACK BUT WAS NEVER ABLE TO WALK UNAIDED
7. IN 1928 FDR NARROWLY WON THE NEW YORK GOVERNORSHIP
8. FDR’S NEW DEAL PROVIDED DEPRESSION RELIEF AND CARE FOR THE AGED AND AID FOR THE UNEMPLOYED.
9. HE POSSESSED PERSONAL WARMTH, SELF CONFIDENCE, TREMENDOUS ENERGY, AND A ZEST FOR LIFE.
10. FDR WAS A MASTER POLITICIAN A SKILLED ORATOR AND COMMANDED WIDESPREAD PUBLIC LOYALITY.
11. FDR HELD FREQUENT PRESS CONFERENCES AND UTLIZED THEM TO PRESENT HIS IDEAS TO THE PUBLIC AND TO DOMINATE NEWSPAPER HEADLINES.
II. ROOSEVELT PROVIDES STRONG LEADERSHIP
LIKE HIS DISTANT COUSIN “TEDDY” FDR USED THE PRESIDENCY AS AN
OFFICE OF MORAL AND POLITCAL LEADERSHIP.
A. BANK HOLIDAY
1. A MONTH BEFORE HIS INAUGUARATION, FDR HAD OBSERVED THAT
DEPOSITORS, FEARFUL OF BANK FAILURES WERE MAKING “RUNS
ON THEIR BANKS TO WITHDRAW THEIR CASH.”
2. IMMEDIATELY UPON TAKING FFICE FDR DECLARED A BANK
HOLIDAY. “CLOSED ALL BANKS”
3. HE CALLED CONGRESS INTO SPECIAL SESSION AND QUICKLY
OBTAINED LEGISLATION EMPOWERING TREASURY OFFICIALS
TO EXAMINE ALL THE BANKS NATION WIDE REOPEN THOSE THAT
WERE SOLVENT
4. FDR’S VIGOROUS ACTION RESORTED PUBLIC CONFIDENCE NOT
ONLY IN THE BANKS BUT ALSO IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
B. THE “HUNDRED DAYS”
1. THE BANKING ACT WAS THE FIRST OF MANY LAWS ENACTED BY
CONGRESS DURING THE 3 MONTHS OF ITS SPECIAL SESSION.
2. FDR PROPOSED MANY NEW LAWS, AND USING HIS POSITION AS
PARTY LEADER AND PUBLIC SPOKESMAN HE SECURED PASSAGE
OF EVERY MAJOR PROPOSAL.
3. THIS PERIOD OF THE NEW DEAL BECAME KNOWN AS THE HUNDRED
DAYS.
III. ROOSEVELT CONSTRUCTS THE NEW DEAL
A. CONCERN WITH THE FORGOTTEN MAN
1. FDR PLEDGED HIMSELF TO “A NEW DEAL OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE”.
2. HIS NEW DEAL PROGRAM AIMED AT HELP FOR “THE FORGOTTEN
MAN AT THE BOTTOM OF THE ECONOMIC PYRAMID”.
B. USE OF THE BRAIN TRUST
1. RESPECTING ACADEMIC SCHOLARSHIP, FDR SOUGHT THE HELP OF A
GROUP OF COLLEGE PPROFESSORS, WHO WERE SOON DUBBED THE
BRAIN TRUST.
C. DISREGARD OF LAISSEZ-FAIRE
1. TO COMBAT DEPRESSION FDR COMMITTED THE GOVERNMENT TO AN
EVER INCREASING ROLE IN THE ECONOMY.
2. THE NEW DEAL WAS LATER TERMED REGULATED CAPITALISM.
D. PRAGMATIC OR PRACTICAL APPOARCH
1. IN FDR’S 1933 INAUGUARAL ADDRESS HE SAID………
“THIS GREAT NATION WILL ENDURE, REVIVE, AND PROSPER…..
THE ONLY THING WE HAVE TO FEAR IS FEAR ITSELF ……
THIS NATION ASKS FOR ACTION AND ACTION NOW.”
2. FDR FAVORED BOLD EXPERIMENTATION. “ABOVE ALL, TRY
SOMETHING”. HE ADOPTED THE PRAMATIC APPOARCH OF TRAIL
AND ERROR.
E. NEW DEAL GOALS: RELIEF, RECOVERY, REFORM
1. RELIEF- TO ASSIST DISTRESSED PERSONS WITH MONEY, JOBS,
MORTGAGE LOANS, RATIONS ETC.
2. RECOVERY- TO LIFT THE NATION OUT OF DEPRESSIONWITH AID
TO FARMERS, BUSINESSMEN AND WORKERS.
3. REFORM- TO ELIMINATE ABUSES IN THE ECONOMY, BANKS,
INVESTMENTS. DEVELOP PROGRAMS FOR THE AGED AND
UNEMPLOYED.
F. THE NEW DEAL GREATLY EXPANDED THE ROLE OF THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT ON OUR SOCIETY.
IV. ELECTION OF 1936
THE AMERICAN PEOPLE OVERWHELMINGLY REELECTED FDR OVER THE REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE GOVERNOR ALFRED M. LANDON OF KANSAS. FDR WON ALL BUT TWO STATES AND ALMOST 61% OF THE POPULSR VOTE.
V. NEW DEAL AND THE SUPREME COURT
A. THE SUPREME COURT TEMPORARILY CHECKS THE NEW DEAL.
1. DOMINATED BY A CONSERVATIVE MAJORITY, THE SUPREME COURT THREW OUT SEVERAL EARLY NEW DEAL LAWS, NOTABLY, IN 1935, THE NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY ACT AND, IN 1936, THE AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT.
2. ROOSEVELT COMPLAINED THAT THE SUPREME COURT WAS LIVING IN THE “HORSE AND BUGGY” AGE, AND HE FEARED FOR THE FATE OF OTHER NEW DEAL LAWS.
B. ROOSEVELT’S COURT PLAN IS REJECTED BY CONGRESS.
1. ENCOURAGED BY HIS OVERWHELMINGLY REELCETION IN 1936, ROOSEVELT PROPOSED A COURT REORGANIZATION PLAN THAT WOULD HAVE PERMITTED HIM TO APPOINT UP TO SIX ADDITIONAL SUPREME COURT JUSTICES.
2. ROOSEVELT’S ENEMIES LABELED HIS PLAN “COURT-PACKING” AND ACCUSSED THE PRESIDENT OF TRYING TO UPSET OUR TRADITIONAL SEPARATION OF POWERS.
C. THE SUPREME COURT REVERSED ITSELF.
1. MEANWHILE, THE SUPREME COURT ADOPTED A MORE LIBERAL POSITION. IN 1937, BY A VOTE OF 5 TO 4, THE SUPREME CJOURT HELD CONSTITUTIONAL TWO MAJOR NEW DEAL LAWS: THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS ACT AND THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT.
2. THEREAFTER, A CONSERVATIVE JUSTICE RESIGNED, ENABLING ROOSEVELT TO APPOINT A NEW DEALER TO THE COURT - THE FIRST OF SEVERAL SUCH APPOINTMENTS. ROOSEVELT LATER CLAIMED THA THE HAD LOST THE BATTLE BUT WON THE WAR.
VI. END OF THE NEW DEAL (BY 1939)
A. ALTHOUGH ROOSEVELT REMAINED IN OFFICE UNTIL 1945, BY 1939 HE HAD CEASED TO EXPAND THE NEW DEAL
1. SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS, MAINLY CONSERVATIVE, HAD SPLIT FROM THE LIBERAL WING OF THE PARTY IN THE 1937 SUPREME COURT FIGHT.
2. THEY WERE FURTHER ALIENATED IN 1938 BY THE CHEAP WAGES AND HOURS ACT, WHICH THE VIEWED AS A THREAT TO THE USE OF CHEAP LABOR BY SOUTHERN INDUSTRY.
3. THEREAFTER, SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS IN CONGRESS JOINED WITH REPUBLICANS TO CREATE A FORMIDABLE OPPOSITION TO AND FURTHER NEW DEAL PROPOSALS.
4. BECAUSE THE ECONOMY HAD ACHIEVED SOME RECOVERY, THE PUBLIC LOST ITS ENTHUSIASM FOR FURTHER REFORMS.
5. AMERICANS SHIFTED THEIR ATTENTION FROM DOMESTIC TO FOREIGN AFFAIRS, AS INTERNATIONAL CRSES POINTED TOWARD A SECOND WORLD WAR.
VII. EVALUATIONS OF THE NEW DEAL
A. ARGUMENTS FOR
1. RESTORING COURAGE AND OPTIMISM TO THE PEOPLE AND IMPROVING THE ECONOMIC STATUS OF MOST AMERICANS.
2. PROVIDING WORK RELIEF, WHICH ENABLED THE UNEMPLOYED TO RETAIN THEIR SELF-RESPECT AND WHICH ENRICHED THE NATION WITH ROADS, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, DAMS, AND PARKS.
3. INCREASING GOVERNMENT SPENDING, THEREBY OFFSETTING ECLINES IN PRIVATE SPENDING AND HELPING THE ECONOMY TO RECOVER FROM THE DEPRESSION.
4. REDUCING UNEMPLOYMENT BY 5 MILLION AND TREATING THE REMAINING UNEMPLOYED HUMANELY.
5. SUCCESSFULLY REGULATION CAPITALISM AND INTRODUCING LAWS OF PERMANENT VALUE.
6. EXPANDING FEDERAL POWER OVER OUR ECONOMIC SYSTEM AND YET MAINTAINING DEMOCRATIC METHODS AND PERSONAL FREEDOMS.
7.
B. Arguments Against
1. FAILED TO GAIN CONFIDENCE OF THE BUSSINESS COMMUNITY.
2. WASTED MONEY ON VALULESS WORK
3. UNBALLANCEDTHE BUDGET & INCREASED THE NATIONAL DEBT.
4. FAILED TO COMPLETELY ELIMINATED UNEMPLOYMENT.
5. INTERFERED WITH FREE ENTERPRISE.
6. INCREASED THE NUMBER OF FEDERAL EMPLOYEES.
BASIC CAUSES OF WWII
TOTALITARIANISM – Ger., It., & Ja., scorned the ideals of civil liberties
MILITARISM – proclaimed war as a glorious adventure
NATIONALISM- pride in ones country ( extremism) Master Race – Revival of Roman Empire – Forced Shinto beliefs
IMPERIALISM – enlarging ones boundaries at others expense, Ger., reclaim the Fatherland, It. Italian Lake. Ja., Secure her natural resources
3 SECONDARY CAUSES OF W.W.II
FAILURE OF APPEASEMENT – making of concessions, hoping this would stop aggression
LACK OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY – nations did not for pacts soon enough. – U.S. wanted to remain neutral.
AMERICAN NEUTRALITY LEGISLATION – U.S. legislation did not allow trade with warring nations
(Belligerent Nations act – Neutrality Acts)
SIGNIFICANT FACTS DESCRIBING W.W.II
TOTAL WAR – complete civilian war effort
GLOBAL WAR – 60 nations involved – 7 were axis
SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS – Radar, guided missiles, jet, magnetic mines, atomic.
MAJOR ROLE OF THE AIRPLANE
RESULTS OF W.W.II
ECONOMIC – 1100 billion dollars in military spending 230 billion in property damage
SOCIAL – 22 MILLION DEAD
POLITICAL - complete defeat of the military totalitarian governments – restructuring of European
Governments
RECORD OF AXIS AGGRESSION
1. MANCHURIA – 1931-1932
2. ETHIOPIA – 1935
3. GERMAN REMILITARIZATION – 1935
4. SPAIN – 1936 – General Francisco Franco – Civil War
5. CHINA – 1937 – Japanese forces from Manchuria invaded China proper
6. AUSTRIA – 1938 – Hitler invaded and annexed Austria on the ground that all German-speaking people belonged within one German nation
7. CZECHOSLOVAKIA – 1938 – Hitler claimed the Studetenland, a region in Czechoslovakia bordering on Germany and inhabited by German-speaking people – Britain and France decided not to risk war but to appease Hitler – British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Premier Edouard Daladier, meeting at Munich with Mussolini and Hitler, agreed to let Hitler annex the Studetenland – Six months later, however, Hitler seized the Slavic-inhabited remainder of Czechoslovakia
8. ALBANIA – 1939 – Mussolini invaded and annexed the Balkan country of Albania, giving Italy control of the Adriatic Sea
9. POLAND – 1939 – Hitler demanded the return of Danzig and the Polish Corridor on the ground that they were inhabited by German-speaking people – Before Poland responded, Nazi Germany and Communist Russia announced a ten-year Nonaggression Pact. The world was surprised because Hitler had always preached hatred of communism, and Joseph Stalin, the Russian dictator, had always condemned fascism – September 1, 1939 – German troops invaded Poland. Two days later, Britain and France honored their guarantee to Poland and declared war on Germany. World War II had started
COLD WAR
U.S. FOREIGN POLICY
CHIEF OBJECTIVES
1. SAFEGUARD INTEREST OF THE U.S.
2. AVOID THE OUT BREAK OF ANOTHER WORLD WAR
3. PROMOTE DEMOCRACY THROUGHOUT THE WORLD
4. HELP OTHER NATIONS IMPROVE THEIR SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
5. PROTECT OUR FRIENDS AND ALLIES FROM COMMUNIST EXPANSION
COLD WAR SUMMARY
1. COLD WAR
BEGINS AFTER W.W.II
THE MAIN POLICY ADOPTED BY THE U.S. WAS CONTAINMENT
2. WEAPONS
A. PROPAGANDA
B. DIPLOMATIC MOVES
C. SCIENTIFIC COMPETITION – SPACE RACE NUCLEAR RESEARCH
D. ECONOMIC COMPETITION
E. ESPIONAGE
F. SUBVERSION
3. END OF THE COLD WAR
A. AMERICAN BLOC VS. THE SOVIET BLOC NO LONGER EXISTS
B. WESTERN EUROPEAN NATION NOT AS DEPENDENT ON MILITARY OR ECONOMIC
HELP FROM EITHER THE U.S. OR THE USSR.
C. USSR DROPPED ITS HARD LINE POLICES TOWARDS DEMOCRACY
BRIEF HISTORY OF U.S. – SOVIET RELATIONS
1. 1917 – 1941
UNFRIENDLY – USSR RESENTED U.S. AID GIVEN TO ANTI-COMMUNIST FORCES IN RUSSIA.
AMERICAS REFUSAL TO RECOGNIZE THE USSR UNTIL 1933
2. 1941 – 1945
COOPERATIVE – WE HAD A COMMON ENEMY (GERMANY)
3. 1945 – COLD WAR ERA
TENSE ALMOST HOSTILE AT TIMES
4. 1971 – TO PRESENT
DÉTENTE – NEW WARMTH
FRIENDLY ECONOMIC EXCHANGE
Cold War
1. Cold War, term used to describe the post-World War II struggle between the United States and its allies and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its allies.
2. The cold war period lasted from the mid-1940’s until the end of the 1980’s.
3. The principal allies of the United States during the Cold War included Britain, France, West Germany, Japan, and Canada.
4. On the Soviet side were many of the countries of Eastern Europe-including Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, East Germany, and Romania.
5. Countries that had no formal commitment to either bloc were known as neutrals or, within the Third World, as nonaligned nations
6. American journalist Walter Lippmann first popularized the term Cold War in a 1947 book by that name.
7. Hostility between the United States and the USSR had its roots in the waning moments of World War I. Soon after the Bolsheviks (later Communists) overthrew the existing Russian government in October 1917.
8. Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin resolved to withdraw Russia from the war.
9. In 1918 the United States along with Britain, France, and Japan intervened militarily in Russia. They did so to restore the collapsed Eastern Front in their war effort against Germany however to
Lenin and his colleagues the intervention represented an assault on Russia’s feeble new revolutionary regime.
10. In December 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formed as a federal union of Russia and neighboring areas under Communist control.
11. The United States refused to recognize the Soviet State until 1933. The deep ideological differences between the USSR and the United States were exacerbated by the leadership of Joseph Stalin who ruled the USSR from 1929 to 1953 as a ruthless and deeply suspicious dictator.
12.In Aug of 1939 (on the eve of W.W.II) Stalin signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler. The two leaders pledged not to attack one another and agreed to divide land that lay between them. Hitler betrayed this pact in June of 1941 and attacked the USSR. The U.S. came too USSR’s aid.
13. Even before the defeat of Nazi Germany in May of 1945 the U.S. & the USSR were divided over the political future of Poland. Stalin’s forces drove Germany out of Poland in “44” and est. a pro-Communist government.
This struggle over the fate of Eastern Europe constituted the first crucial phase of the cold war.
14.The U.S. accused the USSR of seeking to expand Communism in Europe & Asia. The USSR accused the U.S. trying to stamp out revolutionary reforms.
15. In 46 & 47 the USSR helped bring communists to power in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Poland.
16. Truman's response was to issue the Truman Doctrine, who authorized U.S. aid help, anti-Communist forces in Greece & Turkey. Later this policy became known as the Containment Doctrine. This doctrine was outlined in an article by George F. Kennan and soon became official U.S. policy.
17. In 1948 a new and more intense phase of the Cold War began when negotiations broke down and tensions and competition for influence grew. (Division of Germany was the center of tensions)
18. Germany was divided into separate zone, which were controlled by the allied powers of Fr. GB. U.S. & USSR. The allies could not agree on the political and economic structure of post war Germany. The U.S. GB. Merged their zones. This split could result in the economic downfall of Germany and her surrounding countries.
19. To head off economic collapse of Germany the U.S. committed itself to a massive economic recovery of Germany and Western Europe. This program became know as the Marshall Plan.
20. In June of 48 FR. merged with the U.S. & GB. Thus forming the future West Germany.
21. Stalin viewed this as an attempt to arm Germany against the USSR. Stalin issued Soviet troops to Eastern Germany to blockade Berlin, which was also divided into military districts.
22. The Western Governments formed a massive airlift of supplies, which finally broke the blockade 11 months later.
23. In Feb. 1948 Soviet backed Communists in Czechoslovakia provoked a crisis that led to the formation of a new Communist-dominated government in Czech.
24. The Berlin blockade and the spread of Communism in Europe led to negotiations between Western Europe, Canada, and the United States that resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed in April 1949, there by establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
25. The Berlin crisis also accelerated the emergence of a state of West Germany, which was formally established in May 1949. (The Communist republic of East Germany, comprising the remainder of German territory was formally proclaimed in October of that year.)
26. The Berlin confrontation prompted the Western powers to begin thinking seriously about rearming there half of Germany despite the divisiveness of this issue among West Europeans.
27. The death of Joseph Stalin in 1953 had a significant impact on the course of the Cold War. His successors including Nikita Khrushehev who ultimately replaced Stalin as Soviet leader sought to ease some of the rigidities of Soviet policy toward the west.
28. The Western powers responded cautiously but sympathetically to the softening
Soviet policy and in the mid-1950’s the USSR and the Western powers convened the first of several summit conferences in Geneva, Switzerland to address the key issues of the Cold War. These issues now included not only the problem of German reunification but also the danger of surprise nuclear attack
29. The 1955 Geneva Conference achieved little progress on the central issues of Germany, Eastern Europe, and arms control.
30. This period also saw fundamental change in one critical realm: Both the United States and the USSR came to recognize that nuclear weapons had produced a revolution in military affairs-making war among the great powers, while still a possibility no longer a sane policy recourse.
31. West Germany was recognized as an independent nation in 1955 and was allowed to rearm and join NATO. In response to this development a group of Eastern European Communist nations led by the USSR formed the Warsaw Pact. In the late 1950’s Khrushehev launched a new series of crises over Berlin and in 1961 the Soviet government built the Berlin Wall to prevent east Germans from fleeing to West Germany.
32. In 1950 the superpowers involvement in Third World areas changed suddenly, as the USSR and the United States became entangled in an Asian war. In June of that year Stalin appeared to endorse the plans of North Korean Communist leader Kim II sung to attack South Korea, assuming-according to documents that have since come to light that the united States and other major powers would not get involved.
33. This mistaken assumption led to the Korean War (1950-1953), which pitted American-led United Nations forces against the military forces of North Korea and China (which had become a communist republic under the leadership of Mao Zedong in late 1949).
34. The first armed conflict of the Cold War the Korean War led to a major increase in defense spending by the United States. Became American leaders saw Stalin’s actions in Korea as a potential precursor to aggressive movements in Europe the war helped prompt the United States to turn NATO into an ambitious and permanent military structure.
35. In 1954, following the military defeat of France in its bid to reclaim Vietnam in the first Indochina War (1946-1954) the great powers assembled in Geneva with representatives from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia to negotiate an end to that conflict. Among other provisions the resulting agreement known as the Geneva Accords, provided for the temporary partition of Vietnam into northern and southern portions.
36. To avoid permanent partition the accords called for national elections to reunify the country to be held in 1956. When the South Vietnamese refused to hold the elections because Viet Minh leader Ho Chi Minh was favored to win the North Vietnamese began to seek the overthrow of the South Vietnamese government.
37. The Vietnam War, which began in 1959, pitted the Communist North Vietnamese and the National Liberation Front a Vietnamese nationalist group based in South Vietnamese. In 1965 the United States sent troops into Vietnam to fight alongside the South Vietnamese a long body conflict.
38. In Cambodia, the war brought to power the Communist movement known as the Khmer Rouge, led by Pot Pot, whose regime inflicted a genocidal massacre on the Cambodian people.
39. The most serious Cold War confrontation between the United States and the USSR that took place in the Third World----one that raised the specter of nuclear war----occurred in 1962.
40. The U.S. government discovered that the Soviets were in the process of deploying nuclear missiles in Communist Cuba. In October the United States moved to block Soviet ships carrying missiles to Cuba. The resulting standoff, during which the world stood seemingly on the brink of ultimate disaster, ended with Khrushchev capitulating to the demands of the U.S. president John F. Kennedy.
41. Both sides learned that risking nuclear war in pursuit of political objectives was simply too dangerous. It was the last time during the Cold War that either side would take that this risk.
42. In the early and mid-1960s the great powers even superimposed their competition on local conflicts in faraway Africa. In newly independent nations such as the Republic of the Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Nigeria.
43. In the Middle East, the underlying conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors became entangled with maneuvering by the superpowers to push one another out of the region. The Arab-Israeli wars of 1956, 1967, and 1973 drew in the United States and the USSR, creating the possibility of escalation to a direct confrontation between them.
44. In the early 1970s the tenor of the Cold War changed. During the first administration of U.S. president Richard Nixon (1969-1973), the United States and the USSR sought to put their relationship on a different footing. The two superpowers tried to take the first steps toward controlling the costly nuclear arms race and finding areas for mutually advantageous economic and scientific collaboration.
45. Détente, as this policy came to be called, collapsed in the second half of the 1970s, when the American-Soviet competition in the Third World intensified once again, this time during the civil war in Angola and the Somali-Ethiopian war over the Ogaden region. During this phase of the Cold War, Communist Cuba played a significant role alongside the USSR while the Chinese, now deeply wary of the USSR, participated on the side of the United States.
46. The early 1980s witnessed a final period of friction between the United States and the USSR resulting mainly from the Soviets’ invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 to prop up a Communist regime and from the firm line adopted by U.S. president Ronald Reagan after his 1980 election.
47. Reagan saw the USSR as an “evil empire.” He also believed that his rivals in Moscow respected strength first and foremost and thus he set about to add greatly to American military capabilities. The Soviets initially viewed Reagan as an implacable foe committed to subverting the Soviet system and possibly willing to risk nuclear war in the process.
48. The mid-1980s Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the USSR. Gorbachev was determined to halt the increasing decay of the Soviet system and to shed some of his country’s foreign policy burdens. Between 1986 and 1989 he brought a revolution to Soviet foreign policy abandoning long-held Soviet assumptions and seeking new and far-reaching agreements with the West.
49. Gorbachev’s efforts fundamentally altered the dynamic of East-West relations. Gorbachev and Reagan held a series of summit talks beginning in 1985, and in 1987 the two leaders agreed to eliminate a whole class of their countries’ nuclear missiles-those capable of striking Europe and Asia from the USSR and vice versa.
50. The wall that had divided East and West Germany since 1961 was torn down. In 1990 Germany became once again a unified country. In 1991 the USSR dissolved, and Russia and the other Soviet republics emerged as independent states. Even before these dramatic final events, much of the ideological basis for the Cold War competition had disappeared. However, the collapse of Soviet power in Eastern Europe and then of the USSR itself lent a crushing finality to the end of the Cold War period.
|
|
|
|
| My Quia activities and quizzes |
|
https://www.quia.com/quiz/640589.html |
|
https://www.quia.com/jg/710341.html |
|
https://www.quia.com/jg/710342.html |
|
https://www.quia.com/quiz/762608.html |
|
https://www.quia.com/quiz/1608489.html |
|
|
|
|
| Last updated 2014/01/22 08:04:44 CST | Hits 4759 |
|
|
