11 Apr 2003
Chapter 18 Vocabulary
biosphere – all parts of earth where life exist
including air, land, and water
ecology – the study of relationships between organisms
and between organisms and their environment
abiotic factor - nonliving physical features of the
environment, including soil, water,
temperature, air, light, wind and
minerals.
biotic factor – living organisms in the environment, such
as plants and animals
population – organisms of one species that live in the
same place at the same time and that can
produce offspring
community – all the populations of different species that
live in the same place at the same time and
interact with each other
ecosystem – a community interacting with the nonliving
parts of its environment
population density - the number of individuals per unit
of living space
limiting factor – any biotic or abiotic factor that
restricts the number of individuals in a
population
carrying capacity – the largest number of individuals that
an environment can support and maintain
predation – the feeding of one organism on another organism
symbiosis – a close relationship between two organisms
that live together
mutualism – a symbiotic relationship that benefits bother
partners
commensalism – a symbiotic relationship that benefits one
partner but not the other
parasitism – a symbiotic relationship that benefits the
parasite but harms the parasite’s partner.
habitat – the physical location where an organism lives
niche – the role of an organism in the ecosystem
food chain – a model used to show how energy from food
passes from one organism to another
food web – a model used to describe a series of
overlapping food chains
ecological pyramid – a model used to describe the transfer
of energy through a community
water cycle- the continuous movement of water in the
biosphere through evaporation, condensation,
and precipitation
nitrogen cycle - the continuous movement of nitrogen from
the atmosphere, to plants, and back to
the atmosphere (or directly into plants)
again.
8 Apr 2003
Obj. 1 - Identify biotic & abiotic factors in an ecosystem
Obj. 2 - Describe the characteristics of populations
Obj. 3 - Explain the levels of biological organization
The Biosphere
- the part of the earth that supports living organisms
(stretchs below the surface of the ocean to the top of mountains)
- there are many different environments w/in the biosphere
-- all organisms interact with the environment
Abiotic Factors
- the "nonliving", physical features of the environment
-- help determine which species can survive in an area
Some abiotic factors
(1) soil (2) light (3) water (4) temperature
water - almost all organisms are 50 to 95% water
soil - soil type helps determine the type of plants and other organisms flourish in a location. (soil type is determined by the relative amounts of sand, clay & organic matter, or humus, the soil contains.)
humus is the decayed remains of dead animals (greater humus content equals more fertile soil)
light & temperature - through the process of photosynthesis, the energy from the sun is transformed into chemical energy that drives virtually all of lifes processes (example - sunlight does not penetrate very far in deep water, so most algae are found living near the surface; because little sunlight reaches the shady darkness of the forest floor, plant growth there is limited.
Biotic Factors
All organisms depend on other organisms for food, shelter, protection or reproduction
Levels of Biological Organization
Biosphere (highest level of biological organization. it is made up of all the ecosystems on earth.)
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Ecosystem (consists of a biotic community and the abiotic factors that affect them)
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Community (Made up of populations of different species that interact in some way. Populations or organisms in a community depend on each other for food, shelter, or for other needs.)
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Population (All of the individuals of one species living in the same area at the same time and are capable of breeding with one another.)
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Organism (A single individual from a population)
Chapter 18 PowerPoint presentation
***** NO COPYING*********
Slide 1 - Intro Slide (minimum: title & name)
Slide 2 - Table of Contents
Slide 3 - Key terms (with definitions)
predation, food chain, water cycle, niche
ecosystem, population, ecology & community
Slide 4 - What is a biosphere?
Slide 5 - What is a biotic factor (give examples)
Slide 6 - What is an abiotic factor (give examples)
Slide 7 - 5 Levels of Biological Organization
Slide 8 - Characteristics of Populations
Slide 9 - Population Density
Slide 10 - Biotic Potential
Slide 11 - Carrying Capacity
Slide 12 - Summary
Quiz Friday 11 Apr 2003
What do you need to know?
What is a biosphere?
What are the differences between biotic and abiotic factors?
What is an ecosystem?
What is a population?
What effect does humus have on soil fertility?
9 Apr 2003
Obj. 1 - Describe the characteristics of populations
Obj. 2 - Identify the types of relations that occur among
populations in a community
Obj. 3 - Compare the habitat & niche of a species in a
community
Characteristics of Populations
- size
-- how big?
- spacing
-- how the organisms are arranged in a given area
- density
-- how many there are in a given area
Population Density
-- size of a population occupying an area of a specific
size (i.e. the more individuals there are in a given
amount of space, the more dense the population)
++++++how to calculate++++++
total population / land area (square miles or square kilometers) = population density
(see population density links below - #3 & #4)
Limiting Factors
- populations can't continue to grow larger & larger
forever
-- in any ecosystem, there are limits to the amount of
food, water, living space, mates, nesting sites and
other resources available
-- as population density increases, so does competition
among organisms
* a limiting factor is any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the number of individuals in a population. A limiting factor can also indirectly affect other populations in the community (ex. what affect does a drought have on an area?)
Carrying capacity - the maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem is capable of supporting.
As population numbers increase, certain factors in the environment become limits to growth. All living things need a certain amount of space in which to live, food, water, and oxygen.
Inquiry question - Is it possible for our species to maximize its carry capacity?
Biotic potential - the rate at which a population will grow if all individuals survive and reproduce at their maximum capacity. This is a theoretical number that is never realized in nature. While the term is not usually applied to human populations, health and census data are available for such calculations.
Inquiry question -Is it possible for our species to reach its biotic potential?
Predation (the feeding of one organism on another)
- Populations are regulated not only by the supply of food, water & sunlight, but also by the actions of other populations.
Symbiosis (any close relationship between 2 or more different species)
mutualism - a relationship that benefits both species
commensalism - a relationship that benefits one partner but does not harm or help the other
parasitism - a relationship that benefits the parasite and does definite harm to the parasite's partner or host.
22 Apr 2003
Obj. - Compare the habitat & Niche of a species in a
community
Obj. - Explain how energy flows through ecosystems
Obj. - Describe the cycling of matter in the biosphere
Habitats & Niches
habitat - the physical place where an organism lives
(ex. an earthworm's habitat is the soil)
niche - the role of an organism in the ecosystem
(What a species eats, how it gets its food, and how it interacts with other organism are all part of its niche.)
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
First Link - Producer
Second Link - Herbivores
Third Link - Carnivore
Fourth Link - "Top" Carnivore (feeds on other carnivores)
Food Chain (a simple way of showing how energy from food passes from one organism to another)
phytoplankton --> insects --> bluegill --> bass
How is the moel of energy flow identified in the food chain?
Food Web (a series of overlapping food chains)
26 Apr 2003
Obj. Draw a Food Web for the Antartic
Obj. "Build A Prairie" Activity
Changes in Antarctic Food Webs
The food chain in the ice-cold Antarctic Ocean is based on phytoplankton--microscopic algae that float near the water's surface. The algae are eaten by tiny shrimplike krill, which are consumed by baleen whales, squid, and fish. The fish and squid are eaten by toothed whales, seals & penguins. Humans have hunted baleen whales, for the past 150 years, greatly reducing their numbers. Now that most countries have put a stopto whale hunting, there is hope that the population of baleen whales will increase. How will an increase in the whale population affect the food web?
Solve the Problem
1. Use microsoft word template to draw a food web for the Antarctic
2. Which organisms compete for the same sourrce of food
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