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psychmemory	Ms. Osmundson
Shakopee Senior High School	Psychology
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COGNITIVE UNIT (Spring 2006):
Test Two: Memory & Problem-Solving
Review activities and links are found below....

Memory (chapters 11-12)
STEPS IN THE MEMORY PROCESS (p. 239/244)

Paying Attention??
(1) Priorities
• Satisfaction of personal needs
• Novel/Strange stimuli
• Personal interest (emotional hook)
(2) Selective Attention
(3) Feature Extraction

Encoding
(1) How we encode:
• Automatic v. effortful encoding (p. 248)
• Position & spacing
• Primacy effect & Recency effect—p. 245
• Rehearsal
• Maintenance & Elaborative rehearsal—p. 249
(2) What we encode:
• Visual (mental representations)
• Semantic (meaningful)

THREE TYPES OF MEMORY (p. 240)

Sensory memory (p. 241)
(1) Iconic memory
(2) Echoic memory
• 3 functions of sensory memory

STM (p. 242-243)
(1) Limited Duration:
• Rehearsal
(2) Limited Capacity:
• Interference
• Chunking
• 3 functions of STM

LTM (p. 246)
(1) Declarative memory
• Semantic memory
• Episodic memory
(2) Procedural memory
• Biological basis (p. 268)

RETRIEVING INFORMATION

Recall v. recognition (p. 261)

Forgetting (p. 264-267)
• Forgetting Curve
• Amnesia
• Repressed memories (p. 250-251)
• Interference
(a) Proactive interference
(b) Retroactive interference

Constructive Nature of Memory
• False memories (p. 273)
• Eyewitness Testimony (p. 274-275)

IMPROVING MEMORY

Get your attention
• Personal interest
• New/unique
Retrieval cues (page 267):
• Effortful encoding
• Deep processing
• Meaningful chunks & connections
• Mental images & associations
Mnemonic Devices (page 271):
• Method of loci
• Peg method
Emotional connections
Associations with your senses
Emotional state (state-dependent learning)
Sleep & nutrition
Overlearning

Problem-Solving Terms
mental set, functional fixedness, insight, creativity
convergent thinking, divergent thinking

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