(6)-THE SPANISH RENAISANCE
-Ferdinand and Isabella: the creation of Spain as a modern nation
-Spain unified under one religion, one language, and one government
-The conquest of America (Mexico and Peru)
-Literature: La Celestina (reflection of society)
(7)-THE GOLDEN AGE
-The Spanish Empire: Charles I and Phillip II
-The territory covered by the Spanish Empire during the reign of Charles I (Spain, American colonies, part of Italy, territories in the north of Africa, on the Spanish side, from his mother, Juana the Crazy; Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, on the German side, from his father, Philip the Handsome)
-Religious wars: Protestants in Central Europe (Calvinism, Lutheranism) were fought by the Catholic Army of the Emperor. The gold coming from America was mostly spent in these wars.
-Philip II inherited all of this (including the religious conflicts) as well as Portugal and the Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia, from his mother, a Portuguese princess.
More religious wars: against the Turk in the Mediterranean (the battle of Lepanto), defeating the Muslim fleet; and against the English (the Invincible Armada), losing most of his ships.
(8-9)-ARTS AND LITERATURE OF THE GOLDEN AGE
-Religious literature: the mystics
-Poetry: Garcilaso de la Vega
-Theatre (reflecting life and society in Spain): Lope de Vega (Fuenteovejuna; Peribanez), Calderon (Life is a Dream), Tirso de Molina (The Deceiver of Seville)
-Narrative: Cervantes (Don Quixote)
-El Greco: spirituality (The burial of the Count of Orgaz)
-Velazquez: realism and details (Las Meninas)
(10)-THE BOURBONS
-The War of Succession: the different nations in Europe fought to decide which one would control the Peninsula
-Philip V: monarchy and absolutism
-New influences in Spain: Charles III and the improvement of society
-Napoleon in Spain: the War of Independence (1808-1814)
-Goya: Realism and detail (portraits and scenes of Spain)
-Ferdinand VIII: the return to absolutism, and the defeat of liberalism
-Isabel II and the First Republic
-Democratic monarchy in Spain: Alfonso XII (Constitution of 1876)
(11)-MAIN CURRENTS OF SPANISH THOUGHT
-Realism versus Romanticism: Detailed description of the situation in Spain versus an interest in describing the past, emotions and fantasy
-Generation of 98: After the loss of the last colonies in America, Spanish people have feelings of failure, pessimism, and loss
-Machado: the poet of the land
-Galdos: the writer of History (introducing realistic characters to bring the story/history closer to the public)
-Unamuno: Criticism of the situation in Spain
(12)-BACKGROUNGS OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC
-Problems in all the main areas: politic, economic and social
-Social and economic unrest: conflicts between workers and high classes
-Political unrest: conflicts between liberals and traditionalist
-Use of the army to control the population (Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, 1923-1930)
-Creation of the first Unions in order to present a united front against the owners of the enterprises (socialism and communism)
(13-14)-THE SPANISH REPUBLIC
-After Primo de Rivera left Spain, there were elections, and the Republican Party won. Spain became a Republic. (1931-1939)
-1931: Victory of the Republicans: Liberals, Left wing, Workers, Democrats, Socialists, Communists and Anarchists got together to change the situation of Spain. Because the Higher classes were in opposition, the social and economical crisis continued.
-1933: Victory of the Traditionalist: Monarchist, Right wing, High classes, Church and Military tried to contain the crisis. They used the army to control the uprisings of workers and lower classes.
-1936: Victory of the Liberals. The Right wing decides to intervene, supporting the rebellion of the army, to try and take over the government. Beginning of the Spanish Civil War. (1936-1939)
-The Right wing (Nationalists-Fascists) had the support of other fascist countries in Europe: Germany and Italy.
-The Left wing (Populars-Republicans-Communists) received support from the Soviet Union.
-1939: End of the Spanish Civil War, with the victory of the Nationals. End of the Republic. Franco became the leader of Spain.
(15)-THE VALLEY OF THE FALLEN
-After the end of the War, Spain was in ruins. While the country tried to recover, the rest of Europe was involved in the Second World War. Spain did not participate, but showed some support for Germany and Italy, because they had supported the National Front during the Civil War.
-1939-1975: The Dictatorship of Franco. Spain returned to the control of the military, the Church and the higher classes. The government controlled every aspect of the life in Spain. There was a single political party, the fascists, under the control of Franco. Anybody related to the Populars was persecuted, imprisoned and/or executed by the military government.
-The monastery in the Valley of the Fallen was a monument constructed to the memory of the National soldiers, uniting government, military, and Church in the project.
-Repression was a way of life in the Peninsula.
(16)-FRANCO'S LEGACY
-1939-1975: Dictatorship of Franco
-Franco had to face a series of problems in Spain:
-Economy: Agriculture is in a crisis. People go to towns and cities to find jobs. Emigration to Europe (France and Germany mainly) to get jobs is commonplace.
-Industry: Centered in the Basque Country, Catalonia, and Madrid. Foreign inversion supports several industries.
-Tourism: Spain is opened to the rest of the world as an inexpensive place for tourism.
-Foreign Relations: During the 50s and 60s, because of the Cold War, Spain is approached by the United States to install military bases in the Peninsula in exchange for military and economic aid. Spain joins the United Nations.
(17)-SPAIN TODAY
-1975-2001: Democratic Monarchy.
-1975: Death of Franco. Restoration of monarchy with King Juan Carlos I
-1977: Free elections: Centrist Party to power
-1978: Creation of a Democratic Constitution
-1981: Attempt of coup (23F)
-1982: Socialists win elections (Left wing). Transition: period of change. Spain joins several international organizations (NATO, European Union)
-Stabilization of the country: economy, industry, society, politics. More freedom.
-Problems: Unemployment, terrorism (ETA, in the Basque Country, targets the army and the police), political corruption.
-1996: Popular party (Right wing!) wins elections.
-Problems: Unemployment (is improving), terrorism (ETA, in the Basque Country, targets the army, the police, and political representatives of the Popular Party), political corruption in some areas.
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