COMMON NON-ACTION (STATIVE) VERBS
EMOTIONS MENTAL STATES WANTS APPEARANCE POSS
PREFERE. AND VALUE RELA
Admire, agree, know, desire, appear, belong,
Adore, assume, mean, need, be, contain,
Appreciate, believe, mind, prefer, cost, have,
Care, consider, presume, want, equal, own,
Detest, disagree, recognize, wish, feel, possess,
Dislike, disbelieve, remember, look,
Doubt, estimate, see (understand), matter,
Envy, expect, support,
PERCEPTION, represent,
Fear, feel (believe), suspect, & the SENSES, resemble,
Hate, find, think ,(bel.) feel, seem,
Hope, guess, understand, hear, signify,
Like, hesitate, wonder, notice, smell,
Love, hope, observe sound
Regret, imagine, perceive, taste,
Respect, see, weigh,
Trust, smell,
Taste,
COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY THE GERUN (BASE FORM OF VERB + -ing)
Acknowledge, consider endure, give up (stop), miss, quit,
Admit, delay, enjoy, imagine, postpone, recall,
Advise, deny, escape, justify, practice, recommend,
Appreciate, detest, explain, keep (continue) , prevent, regret,
Avoid, discontinue, feel like, mention, prohibit, report,
discuss, finish, mind (object to), propose, resent,
Resist, risk, suggest, support, tolerate , understand,
COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE (TO + BASE FORM OF VERB)
Afford, can(’t) afford, expect, hurry, neglect, promise,
Agree, can(‘t) wait, fail, intend, offer, refuse,
Appear, choose, grow, learn, pay, request,
Arrange, consent, help, manage, plan, seem,
Ask, decide, hesitate, mean, prepare, struggle,
Attempt, deserve, hope, need, pretend, swear,
Volunteer, wait, want, wish, would, yearn
VERBS FOLLOWED BY OBJECTS AND THE INFINITIVE
Advise, challenge, encourage, get, need٭ persuade,
Allow, choose٭, expect٭, help٭, order, promise٭,
ask,٭ convince, forbid, hire, pay٭, remind,
cause, enable, force, invite, permit, request,
require, want٭, teach, warn, tell, wish٭,
urge, would like,٭
These verbs can also be followed by the infinitive without an object (example: ask to leave or ask someone to leave)
COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND OR THE INFINITIVE
Begin, continue, hate, love, remember٭, stop٭,
Can’t stand, forget٭, like, prefer, start, try,
٭٭These verbs can be followed by either the gerund or the infinitive but there is a big difference in mining
COMMON VERB + PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS
Admit to, believe in, count on, insist on, rely on,
Advise against, choose between/, dream about/of, object to, resort to,
Apologize for, among, deal with , look forward , to succeed in,
Approve of , complain about, feel like/about, plan on,
Talk about, think about, wonder about,
COMMON ADJECTVE + PREPOSITION EXPRESSIONS
Be accustomed to, be afraid of, be amazed at/by, be angry at,
Be ashamed of, be aware of, be awful at , be bad at,
Be bored with/by, be capable of, be careful of, be concerned about, Be content with , be curious about, be different from, be excited about, Be famous for, be fed up with, be fond of, be glad about Be good at, be happy about, be interested in, be nervous about, Be opposed to , be pleased about, be ready for, be responsible for, Be sad about, be satisfied with, be shocked at/by, be sick of, Be slow at, be sorry for/about, be surprised at/about/by, be terrible at,
Be tired of , be used to, be worried about,
COMMON ADJECTIVES THAT CAN BE FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE٭
Afraid, alarmed, amazed, angry, anxious, Ashamed,
Curious, delighted, depressed determined, disappointed, distressed,
Disturbed, eager, easy, embarrassed, encouraged, excited,
Fortunate, glad, happy, hesitant, likely, lucky,
Pleased, proud, ready, relieved, reluctant, sad,
Shocked , sorry, surprised, touched, upset, willing,
IRREGULAR COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS, AND QUANTIFIERS
ADJECTIVE ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Bad, badly, worse, the worst,
Far, far, farther/further, farthest/furthest,
Good, well, better, best,
Little, little, less, least,
Many/a lot of, ---- more, most,
Much٭/a lot of, much٭/ a lot, more, most,
٭ Much is usually only used in questions and negative statements.
COMMON PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES
-ED ING -ED -ING -ED -ING
alarmed, alarming, disturbed, disturbing moved, moving,
amazed, amazing, embarrassed, embarrassing, paralyzed, paralyzing,
amused, amusing, entertained, entertaining, pleased, pleasing,
annoyed, annoying, excited, exciting, relaxed, relaxing,
astonished astonishing, exhausted, exhausting , satisfied, satisfying,
boredk, boring, fascinated, fascinating, shocked, shocking,
confused, confusing, frightened, frightening, surprised, surprising,
depressed, depressing, horrified, horrifying, terrified, terrifying,
disappointed, disappointing, inspired, inspiring, tired, tiring,
disgusted, disgusting, interested, interesting, touched, touching,
distressed, distressing irritated, irritating, troubled, troubling,
SOME ADJECTIVES THAT FORM THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE IN TWO WAYS
ADJECTIVE, COMPARATIVE, SUPERLATIVE,
Common, commoner/more common, commonest/most common,
Cruel, crueler/more cruel, cruelest/most cruel,
Deadly, deadlier/more deadly , deadliest/most deadly,
Friendly, friendlier/more friendly, friendliest/most friendly,
Handsome , handsomer/more handsome, handsomest/most handsome,
Happy, happier/more happy, happiest/most happy,
Likely, likelier/more likely, likeliest/most likely,
Lively, livelier/more lively, liveliest/most lively,
Lonely, lonelier/more lonely, loneliest/most lonely,
Narrow, narrower/more narrow, narrowest/most narrow,
Pleasant, pleasanter/more pleasant, pleasantest/most pleasant,
Polite, politer/more polite, politest/most polite,
Quiet, quieter/more quiet, quietest/most quiet,
Shallow , shallower/more shallow, shallowest/most shallow,
Sincere, sincerer/more sincere , sincerest/most sincere,
Stupid stupider/more stupid , stupidest/most stupid,
True, truer/more true, truest/most true,
COMMON REPORTING VERBS
1. STATEMENTS
Acknowledge, add, indicate, maintain, mean,
Admit, announce, note, observe, promise,
Answer, argue, remark, repeat, reply,
Assert, believe, report, say, state,
Claim, complain, suggest, tell, warn,
Conclude, confess, write,
Declare, deny,
Exclaim explain
2. Instructions, Commands, Requests, and Invitations
advise, ask, caution, command , demand, instruct,
invite, order, say, tell, urge, warn,
3. Questions,
ask, inquire, question, want to know, wonder,
VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS COMMONLY USED REFLEXIVELY
Amuse oneself, ask oneself, avail oneself of, be hard on oneself,
Be oneself, be pleased with oneself , be proud of oneself,
Behave oneself, believe in oneself, blame oneself, cut oneself,
Deprive oneself of, dry oneself, enjoy oneself, feel sorry for oneself,
Help oneself, hurt oneself, imagine oneself, introduce oneself,
Kill oneself , look after oneself, look at onesel,f pride oneself on,
Push oneself, remind oneself, see oneself, take care of oneself,
Talk to oneself, teach oneself, tell oneself,
SOME COMMON TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS
(s.o. = someone s.t. = something)
_Note: Separable phrasal verbs are show with the object between the verb and the particle (call s.o. up). Inseparable phrasal verbs are shown with the object after the particle (carry on s.t.). Verbs which must be separated are show with an asterisk (*) (do s.t. over). Other separable verbs can take the object either between the verb and the particle or after the particle (Call Jan up OR Call up Jan). These verbs must, however, be separated by a pronoun object (Call her up NOT call up her).
PHRASAL VERB MEANING
1. ask s.o. over* , invite to one's home
2. block s.t. out , stop from passing through (light/noise)
3. blow S.t. out, stop burning by blowing on it
4. blow S.t. up , 1. make explode 2. fill with air (a bal/oon/water toy) 3. make something larger(a photograph)
5. bring s.t. about , make happen
6. bring s.o. or S.t. back, return
7. bring s.o. down*, depress
8. bring s.t. out , introduce (a new product/book
9. bring s.o. up, raise (children)
10. bring s.t. up , bring attention to
11. burn s.t. down, burn completely
12. call S.o. back, return a phone call
13. call s.o. in , ask for help with a problem
14. call S.t. off , cancel
15. call S.o. up , phone
16. carry on s.t., continue
17. carry s.t. out, conduct (an experiment/a plan)
18. charge S.t. up, charge with electricity
19. cheer s.o. up , cause to feel happier
20. clean s.o. or s.t. up, clean completely
21. clear s.t. up , clarify
22. close s.t. down , close by force
23. come off s.t. , become unattached
24. come up with s.t. , invent
25. count on s.o. or s.t. , depend on
26. cover s.o. or s.t. up , cover completely
27. cross s.t. out , draw a line through
28. cut s.t. down , bring down by cutting (a tree)
29. cut s.t. off , 1. stop the supply of 2. remove by cutting
30. cut s.t. out , remove by cutting
31. do s.t. over* , do again
32. do s.o. or s.t. up , make more beautiful
33. draw s.t. together , unite
34. dream s.t. up , invent
35. drink s.t. up , drink completely
36. drop s.o. or s.t. off , take someplace
37. drop out of s.t. , quit
38. empty s.t. out , empty completely
39. figure s.o. or s.t. out , understand (after thinking about)
40. fill s.t. in , complete with information
41. fill s.t. out , complete (a form)
42. fill s.t. up , fill completely
43. find s.t. out , learn information
44. follow through with s.t., complete
45. get s.t. across , get people to understand an idea
46. get out of S.t. , leave (a car/taxi)
47. get S.t. out of s.t.* , benefit from
48. give S.t. away , give without charging money
49. give s.t. back , return
50. give S.t. out , distribute
51. give S.t. up , quit, abandon
52. go after s.o. or S.t., pursue
53. go along with S.t. , support
54. hand S.t. in , submit work (to a boss/teacher)
55. hand S.t. out , distribute
56. hang S.t. up , put on a hook or hanger
57. help s.o. out , assist
58. hold S.t. on , keep attached
59. keep s.o. or S.t. away, cause to stay at a distance
60. keep s.t. on* , not remove (a piece of clothing/jewelry)
61. keep up with s.o.or s.t., go as fast as
62. lay s.o off , end employment
63. lay s.t. out , 1. spend (money) 2. arrange according to a plan
64. leave s.t. on , 1: not turn off (a light/radio) 2. not remove (a piece of clothing/jewelry)
65. leave s.t. out , omit
66. let 5.0. down , disappoint
67. let s.o.. or S.t. in ,allow to enter
68. let s.o. off , allow to leave (a bus/car)
69. let s.o.. or S.t. out , allow to leave
70. light s,t. up , illuminate
71. look s.o.. or s.t. over, examine
72. look S.t. up , try to find (in a book/on the Internet)
73. make S.t. up , create
74. move s.t. around ,change the location
75. pass s.t. out , distribute
76. pass s.o.. or S.t. up, decide not to use
77. pay s.o. or s.t. back , repay
78. pick s.o. or s.t. out ,1. select 2. identify
79. pick s.o.. or s.t. up , lift
80. pick s.t. up , get (an idea/a new book/an interest)
81. point s.o. or S.t. out indicate,
82. put S.t. away , put in an appropriate place
83. put S.t. back , return to its original place
84. put s.o. or S.t. down , stop holding
85. put S.t. off , postpone
86. put s.t. on , cover the body
87. put S.t. together , assemble
88. put S.t. up , erect
89. run into s.o. , meet accidentally
90. see s.t. through* , complete
91. set S.t. off , cause to explode set
92. S.t. up , 1. prepare for use 2. establish (a business/an organization)
93. show s.o. or S.t. off , display the best qualities
94. shut S.t. off , stop (a machine/light)
95. start S.t. over*, start again
96. stick with /to s.o. or S.t., not quit, not leave
97. straighten S.t. up , make neat
98. switch S.t. on , start (a machine/light)
99. take s.t. away , remove
100. take s.o. or S.t. back , return
101. take S.t. down , remove
102. take S.t. in , notice, understand, and remember
103. take s.t. off , remove
104. take s.o. on , hire
105. take s.t. on , agree to do
106. take S.t. out , borrow from a library
107. talk s.o. into* , persuade
108. talk s.t. over , discuss
109. team up with s.o. , start to work with
110. tear s.t. down , destroy
111. tear s.t. up , tear into small pieces
112. think back on S.o. of s.t. , remember
113. think S.t. over , consider
114. think S.t. up, invent
115. throw s.t. away/out, discard
116. touch S.t. up , improve by making small changes
117. try S.t. on , put clothing on to see if it fits
118. try s.t. out , use to see if it works
119. turn s.t. around , change the direction so the front is at the back
120. turn s.o. or s.t. down, reject
121. turn s.t. down , lower the volume (a TV/radio)
122. turn s.t. in , submit
123. turn s.o. or s.t. into*, change from one form to another
124. turn s.o. off (slang) , destroy interest
125. turn s.t. off , stop (a machine/light)
126. turn s.t. on , start (a machine/light)
127. turn s.t. over , turn something so the top side is at the bottom
128. turn s.t. up , raise the volume (a TV/radio)
129. use s.t. up , use completely, consume
130. wake s.o. up , awaken
131. work S.t. off , remove by work or activity
132. work s.t. out , solve
133. write S.t. down , write on a piece of paper
134. write S.t. up , write in a finished form
COMMON INTRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS
PHRASAL VERB MEANING PHRASAL V. MEANING
Blow up ,= explode, burn down ,= burn completely,
Break down,= stop functioning, call back, = return a phone call,
Break out ,= occur suddenly, catch on, = become popular,
Clear up ,= become clear, go over,= succeed with an audience,
Close down, = stop operating, go up,= be built,
Come about= happen , grow up,= become an adult,
Come along,= accompany, hang up, = end a phone call,
Come back,= return, hold on,= 1.wait 2. not hang up the phone
Come in ,= enter, keep away ,= stay at a distance,
Come off ,= become unattached, keep on, = continue,
Come out ,= appear, keep up, = go as fast as,
Come up ,= arise, lie down, = recline,
Dress up, =wear special clothes, light up = illuminate
Drop in = visit unexpectedly look out = be careful
Drop out = quit make up = reconcile
Eat out = eat in a restaurant pay off = be worthwhile
Empty out [ empty completely pick up = improve
End up = 1. do s.t. unexpected/unintended ,Play around= have fun
2. reach a final place or cond.
Run out= not have enough of
fall off = become detached, show up = appear
find out = learn information, sign up = register
follow through= complete , sit down = take a seat
fool around= act playful , slip up = make a mistake, get ahead= make progress, succeed stand up= rise
get along = relate well , start over= start again,
get back= return, stay up= remain awake,
get by= survive , straighten up= make neat,
get together meet take off= depart (a plane), get up = rise from bed, turn out = have a particular result, give up = quit, turn up= appear,
go back= return , wake up = arise after sleeping,
go off= explode (a gun/fireworks/, watch out = be careful,
go on = continue, work out = 1. be resolved
go out leave 2. exercise,
SPELLING RULES FOR PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
1. Add –ing to the base form of the verb. Example __read reading stand standing
2. If a verb ends in a silent –e, drop the final –e and add –ing Example: leave leaving take taking
3. In a one-syllable word, if the last three letters are a consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) combination, double the last consonant before adding –ing Example: sit sitting run running
4. However, do not double the last consonant in words tht end in W, X, or Y Example: sew sewing fix fixing enjoy enjoying
5. In words of two or more syllables tht end in consonant-vowel-consonant combination, double the last consonant only if the last syllable is stressed. Example: admit admitting (the last syllable –mit – is stressed) whisper whispering ( the last syllable – per – is NOT stressed, so, you don’t double the – r)
6. If a verb ends in –ie, change the –ie to Y before adding –ing. Example: die dying
SPELLING RULES FOR THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE: Third-Person Singular (HE, SHE, IT)
1. Add –s for most verbs Example: work works ride rides return return
2. Add –es for words that end in –CH, -S, -SH, -X, or –Z Example: watch watches pass passes rush rushes relax relaxes buzz buzzes
3. Change the –Y to –I and add –ES when the base form ends in a consonant + Y. Example: study studies hurry hurries dry dries
4. Do not change the –Y when the base form ends in a vowel +Y. Add only –S. Example: play plays enjoy enjoys
5. A few verbs have irregular forms. Example: be is do does go goes have has
SPELLING RULES FOR THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF REGULAR VERBS
1. If the verb ends in a consonant, add –ED. Example: return returned help helped
2. If the verb ends in –E, add –D. Example: live lived create created die died
3. In one-syllable words, if the verb ends in a consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) combination, double the final consonant and add –ED. Example: hop hopped rub rubbed
4. However, do not double one-syllable words ending in –W, -X, or –Y. Example: bow bowed mix mixed play played
5. In words of two or more syllables that end in a consonant-vowel-consonant combination, double the last consonant only if the last syllable is stressed. Example: prefer preferred (the last syllable – fer – is stressed) visit visited (the last syllable – sit – is not stressed, so you don’t double the T.)
6. If the verb ends in a consonant + Y, change the Y to I and add –ED. Example: worry worried carry carried
7. If the verb ends in a vowel +Y, add –ED (Do not change the Y to I.) Example: play played annoy annoyed Exceptions: pay paid lay laid say said
SPELLING RULES FOR THE COMPARATIVE (-ER) AND SUPERLATIVE (-EST) OF ADJECTIVES
1. Add –er to one-syllable adjectives to form the comparative. Example: cheap --. Cheaper bright brighter ADD –est to one-syllable adjectives to form the superlative. Example: cheap cheapest bright brightest
2. If the adjective ends in –E, add –r for comparative AND –st for superlative. Example nice nicer nice nicest
3. If the adjective ends in a consonant + Y, change Y to I before you add –ER for comparative and –EST for superlative. Example: pretty prettier pretty prettiest Exception: shy shyer shy shyest
4. If the adjective ends in a consonant-vowel-consonant combination (CVC), double the final consonant before adding –ER for comparative and –EST for superlative. Example: big bigger big biggest
thin thinner
5. However, do not double the consonant in words ending in –W, or –Y. Example: slow slower slow slowest
PUNCTUATION RULES FOR DIRECT SPEECH
1. Direct speech may either follow or come before the reporting verb. When direct speech follows the reporting verb, a. Put a comma (,) after the reporting verb. B. Use opening quotation marks (“) before the first word of the direct speech. C. Begin the quotation with a capital letter. D. Use the appropriate end punctuation for the direct speech. It may be a period (.), a question mark (?), or an exclamation point (!). e. Put closing quotation mark (”) after the end punctuation of the quotation. Example: He said, “I like soccer.” Maria asked, “What do you want?” The teacher yelled, “Come here!”
2. When direct speech comes before the reporting verb, a. Begin the sentence with opening quotation marks (“) b. Use the appropriate end punctuation for the direct speech. If the direct speech is a statement, use a comma (,). If the direct speech is a question, use a question mark (?). If the direct speech is an exclamation, use an exclamation point (!) c. Use closing quotation marks (”) after the end punctuation for the direct speech d. Begin the reporting clause with a lower-case letter e. Use a period (.) at the end of the main sentence. Example: “I like soccer,” he said. “What do you want?” she asked. “Come here!” the teacher yelled.
PRONUNCIATION RULES FOR THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE: THIRD PERSON SINGULAR (he, she, it)
1. The third person singular in the simple present tense always ends in the letter –s. Except modal verbs (can, could, shall, should, may, might, must, ought to). There are, however, three different pronunciations for the final sound of the third person singular. /s/ /z/ /iz/ talks, loves, dances
2. The final sound is pronounced /s/ after the voiceless sounds /p/, /t/, /k/, and /f/.Example: top tops get gets take takes laugh laughs
3. The final sound is pronounced /z/ after the voiced sounds /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /th/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, and /r/ Example: describes, spends, hugs, lives, bathes, seems, remains, sings, tells, lowers,
4. The final sound is pronounced /z/ after all vowel sounds. Example: agrees tries stays knows
5. The final sound is pronounced /iz/ after the sounds /s/, /z/, /sh/, /ch/, /dz/, /iz/ adds a syllable to the verb. Example: relax relaxes freeze freezes rush rushes massage massages watch watches judge judges
PRONOUNCIATION RULES FOR THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF REGULAR VERBS
1. The regular simple past always ends in the letter –D. There are, however, three different pronunciations for the final sound of the regular simple past. /t/ /d/ /id/ raced lived attended
2. The final sound is pronounced /t/ after the voiceless sound /p/, /k/, /f/, /s/, sh/, ch/ Example: hopped worked laughed addressed published watched
3. The final sound is pronounced /d/ after the voiced sounds /b/, /g/, /v/, /g/, dz/, /m/, /n/, gn/, /l/, /r/, th/ Example: rubbed hugged lived surprised massaged changed rhymed returned banged enrolled appeared bathed
4. The sound of pronounced /d/ after all vowel sounds. Agreed played died enjoyed
5. The final sound is pronounced /id/ after /t/ and /d/. /id/ adds a syllable to the verb. Example: started decided
POSSESSIVE NOUNS
1. Add (’s) to form the possessive of singular nouns. Example: John’s friend is Peter.
2. To form the possessive of plural nouns ending in (s), add only an apostrophe (’). Example: The boys’ mother is here. The students’ books are red.
3. In hyphenated words (mother-in-law, father-in-law,etc.) and in phrases showing joint possessive in form Example: My sister-in-law’s name is Liabeh. Anna and Joseph’s house is in Snellville.
4. To form the possessive of plural nouns that do not end in (s), add (’s) Example: The children’ bags
5. To form the possessive of one-syllable singular nouns tht end in (s), add (’s). Example: James’s apartment
6. To form the possessive of words of more than one syllable tht end in (s), either add apostrophe or apostrophe s.
7. Be careful! Don’t confuse possessive nouns with the contraction form of the verb BE. Example: John’s at home = John is at home John’s book is red. = His book is red.
COMMON NON-COUNT NOUNS LIQUIDS: milk, coffee, oil, juice, soda, water, beer FOOD: bread, cheese, lettuce, broccoli, ice cream, butter, mayonnaise, ketchup, jam, jelly, fish, meat, sour cream, soup
TOO SMALL TO COUNT: sugar, salt, pepper, cinnamon, rice, sand, baking powder, cereal, spaghetti, wheat, corn
SCHOOL SUBJECTS: math, history, geography, biology, chemistry, music
CITY PROBLEMS: traffic, pollution, crime
WEATHER: snow, rain, ice, fog
GASES: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
ABSTRACT IDEAS: love, beauty, happiness, luck, advice, help, noise, time
OTHERS; money, mail, furniture, homework, information, jewelry, garbage, toothpaste, paper
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