Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Energy is required for a variety of life processes including a. | growth and
reproduction. | b. | movement. | c. | transport of
certain materials across cell membranes. | d. | All of the above | | |
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2.
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Heterotrophs are organisms that can a. | produce food
from inorganic molecules and sunlight. | b. | survive without energy. | c. | consume other
organisms for energy. | d. | carry out either photosynthesis or
chemosynthesis. | | |
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3.
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Suspended in the fluid stroma of chloroplasts are a. | organelles
called eukaryotes. | b. | numerous mitochondrial membranes. | c. | small coins that
provide energy. | d. | stacks of thylakoids called grana. | | |
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4.
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electrons : chemical bonds :: a. | heterotrophs : autotrophs | c. | chemical energy : sun | b. | sunlight :
plants | d. | nuclei :
atoms | | | | |
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5.
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light
reactions : thylakoids :: a. | grana : thylakoids | c. | dark reactions : stroma | b. | grana :
ATP | d. | stroma : grana
of chloroplast | | | | |
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6.
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The
sun is considered the ultimate source of energy for life on Earth because a. | all organisms
carry out photosynthesis. | b. | all organisms carry out cellular
respiration. | c. | either photosynthetic organisms or organisms that have eaten
them provide energy for all other organisms on Earth. | d. | the sun heats
the Earth's atmosphere. | | |
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7.
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When
photons of light strike an object, the light may be a. | reflected. | c. | transmitted. | b. | absorbed. | d. | All of the above | | | | |
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8.
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Chlorophyll is green because a. | it absorbs green wavelengths of
light. | b. | it absorbs blue and yellow wavelengths, which make
green. | c. | photons of green wavelengths are
reflected. | d. | of an optical illusion caused by transmitted
light. | | |
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9.
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What
happens when a chlorophyll molecule absorbs a photon of light? a. | Some of its
electrons are raised to a higher energy level. | b. | It
disintegrates, giving off huge amounts of heat. | c. | It glows,
radiating green light and giving the plant a green appearance. | d. | Red and blue
wavelengths are emitted. | | |
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10.
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Flower petals have a variety of colors other than green because they
possess a. | chlorophyll. | c. | pigments that
reflect green. | b. | carotenoids. | d. | chloroplasts. | | | | |
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11.
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chloroplast : grana :: a. | photosystem : pigment molecules | c. | thylakoids : grana | b. | chlorophyll :
pigment | d. | chlorophyll :
green | | | | |
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12.
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When
electrons of a chlorophyll molecule are raised to a higher energy level, a. | they become a
photon of light. | b. | they form a glucose bond. | c. | they enter an
electron transport chain. | d. | carotenoids are converted to
chlorophyll. | | |
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13.
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The
source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis is a. | carbon
dioxide. | c. | the
air. | b. | water. | d. | glucose. | | | | |
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14.
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As a
result of photosynthesis, a. | our atmosphere is now rich in oxygen
gas. | b. | animals can get
energy directly from the sun. | c. | plants convert chlorophyll into protein
channels. | d. | abundant quantities of carbon dioxide are available to fuel the
Calvin cycle. | | |
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15.
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During the third stage of photosynthesis, carbon-containing molecules are produced
from a. | ADP. | b. | carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and oxygen atoms from
glucose. | c. | carbon atoms from carbon dioxide in the air and hydrogen atoms
from water. | d. | carbon atoms from carbon dioxide in the air and hydrogen atoms
from NADPH. | | |
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16.
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Which
of the following enables green plants to convert light energy to chemical energy? a. | the
sodium-potassium pump | c. | sugar
channels | b. | coupled channels | d. | the proton pump | | | | |
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17.
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Proton pumps found in the thylakoid membranes are directly responsible
for a. | moving hydrogen
nuclei out of the grana. | b. | providing the energy to produce ATP
molecules. | c. | producing ATP-synthetase. | d. | generating
glucose molecules. | | |
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18.
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At a
proton pump of the thylakoid membrane, a. | electrons return to their original energy
levels. | b. | electrons are pushed out of the
thylakoid. | c. | energy from electrons is used to make
ATP. | d. | the thylakoid
bursts, releasing energy. | | |
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19.
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The
dark reactions of photosynthesis a. | require ATP and NADPH. | b. | can occur in
both light and dark conditions. | c. | generate glucose. | d. | All of the
above | | |
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20.
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The
energy used in the Calvin cycle for the production of carbohydrate molecules comes
from a. | ATP made during
cellular respiration. | b. | the Krebs cycle. | c. | ATP made in the
second stage of photosynthesis. | d. | CO2 absorbed during the last stage of
photosynthesis. | | |
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21.
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During photosynthesis, the series of reactions that create the complex carbohydrates
needed for energy and growth is called a. | the Calvin cycle. | c. | the energy flow. | b. | the Krebs
cycle. | d. | carbohydrate
loading. | | | | |
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22.
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All
organic molecules contain carbon atoms that ultimately can be traced back in the food chain
to a. | the bodies of
heterotrophs. | b. | carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. | c. | water absorbed
by plants. | d. | the carbon that comes from the sun. | | |
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23.
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Which
of the following cannot be produced from the products of the Calvin cycle? a. | carbohydrates | b. | lipids | c. | proteins | d. | All of the above can be produced from Calvin cycle
products. | | |
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24.
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C3, C4, and CAM plants differ from each other
in a. | that
C3 plants use the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation and C4 and CAM plants use different pathways for carbon
fixation. | b. | that C3 plants have
their stomata open during the day and C4 and CAM plants have their stomata open at
night. | c. | the initial product of carbon
fixation. | d. | that C3 plants use
CO2 to form organic compounds and C4 and CAM plants
use other sources of carbon. | | |
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25.
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Refer
to the illustration above. Graph “A” demonstrates that the rate of
photosynthesis a. | decreases in
response to increasing light intensity. | b. | increases indefinitely in response to increasing light
intensity. | c. | increases in response to increasing light intensity, but only
to a certain point. | d. | is unaffected by changes in light
intensity. | | |
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26.
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When
cells break down food molecules, energy a. | is released all at once. | b. | is released
entirely as body heat into the environment. | c. | is temporarily
stored in ATP molecules. | d. | causes excitation of electrons in chlorophyll
molecules. | | |
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27.
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ATP a. | contains five phosphate groups. | b. | is essential for
a cell to perform all the tasks necessary for life. | c. | is found only in
bacteria. | d. | All of the above | | |
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28.
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A
substance, produced during the process of photosynthesis, that is used for completion of cellular
respiration is a. | water. | c. | NADPH. | b. | ATP. | d. | oxygen. | | | | |
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29.
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photosynthesis : light :: a. | light bulb : glass | c. | automobile : gasoline | b. | trunk :
clothing | d. | country :
nation | | | | |
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30.
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When
glycolysis occurs, a. | a molecule of glucose is split. | b. | two molecules of
pyruvate are made. | c. | some ATP is produced. | d. | All of the
above | | |
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31.
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The
name of the process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down in the absence of oxygen
is a. | respiration. | c. | fermentation. | b. | oxidation. | d. | All of the above | | | | |
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32.
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When
muscles are exercised extensively in the absence of sufficient oxygen, a. | a large amount
of ATP is formed. | c. | lactic acid is
produced. | b. | NADH molecules split. | d. | oxidative respiration ceases. | | | | |
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33.
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You
have been growing some animal cells in culture. The cells grow well for several weeks, and then
don’t seem to grow as well. You conduct some tests and determine that there is a lot of lactic
acid in the culture fluid. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the poor
condition of the cells? a. | There is too much glucose in the culture
fluid. | b. | There is not enough glucose in the culture
fluid. | c. | There is too much oxygen in the culture
fluid. | d. | There is not enough oxygen in the culture
fluid. | | |
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34.
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If
the formation of a standard amount of ATP requires 12 kcal of energy and the complete oxidation of
glucose yields 686 kcal of energy, how efficient is glycolysis at extracting energy from
glucose?
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35.
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Cellular respiration takes place in two stages: a. | glycolysis and
fermentation. | b. | Stage 1 and Stage 2 of
photosynthesis. | c. | glycolysis, then oxidative
respiration. | d. | oxidative respiration, then reductive
respiration. | | |
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36.
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In
cellular respiration, a two-carbon molecule combines with a four-carbon molecule to form citric acid
as part of a. | glycolysis. | c. | the Krebs
cycle. | b. | carbon fixation. | d. | the electron transport chain. | | | | |
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37.
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Acetyl-coenzyme A a. | is formed from the breakdown of
pyruvate. | b. | enters the Krebs cycle. | c. | can be used in
fat synthesis. | d. | All of the above | | |
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38.
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Glycolysis and oxidative respiration are different in that a. | glycolysis
occurs on the cell membrane, while oxidative respiration occurs in
mitochondria. | b. | glycolysis occurs only in photosynthesis, while oxidative
respiration is part of cellular respiration. | c. | glycolysis
occurs in the absence of oxygen, while oxidative respiration requires
oxygen. | d. | Both of these terms are different names for the same
process. | | |
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39.
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Which
of the following is not formed during the Krebs cycle? a. | CO2 | c. | NADH | b. | FADH2 | d. | NADPH | | | | |
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40.
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Which
of the following is not part of cellular respiration? a. | electron
transport | c. | Krebs
cycle | b. | glycolysis | d. | Calvin cycle | | | | |
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41.
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With
oxygen present, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain a. | provide
organisms an alternative to glycolysis. | b. | produce most of the ATP needed for
life. | c. | break down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and
ATP. | d. | All of the
above | | |
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42.
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Water
is an end product in a. | lactic acid formation. | c. | the Krebs cycle. | b. | fermentation. | d. | the electron
transport system. | | | | |
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43.
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Krebs
Cycle : CO2 :: a. | glycolysis : glucose | c. | cellular respiration : O2 | b. | acetyl-CoA formation : O2 | d. | electron
transport chain : ATP | | | | |
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44.
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ATP
molecules produced during aerobic cellular respiration a. | remain in the
mitochondria in which they are formed. | b. | are stored in chloroplasts of the same cell in which they are
formed. | c. | enter the cell’s cytoplasm through the membranes of the
mitochondria in which they are formed. | d. | are distributed by the bloodstream to all cells in the
body. | | |
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45.
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After
proton pumps in mitochondria have depleted electrons of their energy during ATP
production, a. | the electrons
carried as part of hydrogen atoms are used in the formation of water. | b. | the electrons
carried as part of hydrogen atoms are used in the formation of ethyl
alcohol. | c. | the electrons build up inside the mitochondria and diffuse back
to a thylakoid. | d. | None of the above | | |
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C6 H12O6 +
6O2 + ADP + P ¬ 6CO2 + 6 H2O + MOLECULE A
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46.
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The
process shown in the equation above begins in the cytoplasm of a cell and ends in
the a. | cytoplasm. | c. | endoplasmic
reticulum. | b. | mitochondria. | d. | lysosome. | | | | |
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47.
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The
equation above summarizes the process known as a. | photosynthesis. | c. | oxidative respiration. | b. | fermentation. | d. | protein
breakdown. | | | | |
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48.
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The
molecule referred to as Molecule “A” in the equation above is a. | NADPH. | c. | NADH. | b. | ATP. | d. | ADP. | | | | |
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49.
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When
living cells break down molecules, energy is a. | stored as ADP. | c. | released as heat. | b. | stored as
ATP. | d. | Both b and
c | | | | |
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50.
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Which
of the following is the best explanation for the presence of both chloroplasts and mitochondria in
plant cells? a. | In the light,
plants are photosynthetic autotrophs. In the dark, they are heterotrophs. | b. | If plants cannot
produce enough ATP in the process of photosynthesis to meet their energy needs, they can produce it
in aerobic respiration. | c. | Sugars are produced in chloroplasts. These sugars can be stored
in the plant for later use, converted to other chemicals, or broken down in aerobic respiration to
yield ATP for the plant to use to meet its energy needs. | d. | The leaves and
sometimes the stems of plants contain chloroplasts which produce ATP to meet the energy needs of
these plant parts. The roots of plants contain mitochondria which produce ATP to meet the energy
needs of these plant parts. | | |
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51.
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In
order to fit within a cell, DNA becomes more compact by a. | breaking apart
into separate genes. | b. | extending to form very long, thin
molecules. | c. | wrapping tightly around associated
proteins. | d. | being enzymatically changed into a
protein. | | |
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52.
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Chromatids are a. | dense patches within the nucleus. | b. | bacterial
chromosomes. | c. | joined strands of duplicated genetic
material. | d. | prokaryotic nuclei. | | |
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53.
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A
protein disk that attaches two chromatids to each other in a chromosome is called
a(n) a. | chloroplast. | c. | gamete. | b. | centromere. | d. | centriole. | | | | |
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54.
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Which
of the following is not a true difference between the chromosomes of eukaryotes and those of
prokaryotes? a. | Eukaryotic
chromosomes are linear, while those of prokaryotes are circular. | b. | Eukaryotic
chromosomes are associated with histones, while those of prokaryotes are
not. | c. | Eukaryotes
usually have more than one chromosome, while prokaryotes have only one
chromosome. | d. | Eukaryotic chromosomes contain DNA, while prokaryotic
chromosomes contain a different form of genetic material. | | |
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55.
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A
diploid cell is one that a. | has two homologues of each
chromosome. | b. | is designated by the symbol
2n. | c. | has chromosomes found in pairs. | d. | All of the
above | | |
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56.
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Binary fission a. | occurs when two cells collide with each
other. | b. | produces excess energy. | c. | creates new
species. | d. | is the process by which bacteria
reproduce. | | |
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57.
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The
chromosome of a bacterium a. | is wrapped around proteins. | b. | has a circular
shape. | c. | occurs in multiple pairs within the
cell. | d. | is found within the nucleus. | | |
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58.
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In a
bacterium, cell division takes place when a. | its nucleus divides. | b. | the cell splits
into two cells, one of which receives all of the DNA. | c. | the DNA is
copied, a new cell wall forms between the DNA copies, and the cell splits into two
cells. | d. | None of the above | | |
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59.
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The
stage of the cell cycle that occupies most of the cell’s life is
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60.
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growth : G1 :: a. | mitosis :
meiosis | c. | cytokinesis :
M | b. | mitochondria
replication : S | d. | DNA copying :
S | | | | |
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61.
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metaphase : prophase :: a. | photon : light particle | c. | thylakoid : grana | b. | G2 : S | d. | carbon fixation process : Calvin
cycle | | | | |
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62.
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The
phase of mitosis that is characterized by the arrangement of all chromosomes along the equator of the
cell is called a. | telophase. | c. | anaphase. | b. | metaphase. | d. | prophase. | | | | |
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63.
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A
spindle fiber is a specialized form of a. | microtubule. | c. | cilium. | b. | flagellum. | d. | chromosome. | | | | |
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64.
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Refer
to the illustration above. Mitosis begins with the stage shown in diagram
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65.
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Refer
to the illustration above. The cell shown in diagram “5” is in a. | metaphase. | c. | anaphase. | b. | telophase. | d. | prophase. | | | | |
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66.
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A
typical human cell contains 46 chromosomes. After mitosis and cell division, each of the two new
cells formed from the original cell a. | gets 23 chromosomes. | b. | grows new
chromosomes from existing DNA. | c. | gets a complete set of 46
chromosomes. | d. | None of the above | | |
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67.
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As a
result of mitosis, each of the two new cells produced from the original cell during
cytokinesis a. | receives a few
chromosomes from the original cell. | b. | receives an exact copy of all the chromosomes present in the
original cell. | c. | donates a chromosome to the original
cell. | d. | receives exactly half the chromosomes from the original
cell. | | |
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68.
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Refer
to the illustration above. Which of the following correctly indicates the order in which these events
occur? a. | “A,”
“B,” “C,” “D” | c. | “B,” “A,” “C,”
“D” | b. | “C,” “B,” “A,”
“D” | d. | “A,”
“C,” “B,” “D” | | | | |
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69.
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5 :
cell cycle :: a. | 6 :
prophase | c. | 3 :
meiosis | b. | 9 : cytokinesis | d. | 4 : mitosis | | | | |
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70.
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Mitosis is a process by which a. | DNA is replicated. | c. | cells grow in size. | b. | cytokinesis
occurs. | d. | a cell’s
nucleus divides. | | | | |
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71.
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Which
of the following statements is true? a. | Prokaryotes divide by mitosis. | b. | Eukaryotes have
circular chromosomes. | c. | Animal cells form new cell walls when they
divide. | d. | Cytokinesis differs in plant cells and animal
cells. | | |
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Diagrams A and B show cells from an organism with a diploid chromosome number of
4.
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72.
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Refer
to the illustration above. Which of the cells will be a diploid cell at the completion of
division? a. | “A” | c. | Both | b. | “B” | d. | Neither | | | | |
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73.
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Refer
to the illustration above. Which of these cells is in the process of dividing to form
gametes? a. | “A” | c. | Both | b. | “B” | d. | Neither | | | | |
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74.
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When
crossing-over takes place, chromosomes a. | mutate in the first division. | b. | produce new
genes. | c. | decrease in number. | d. | exchange
corresponding segments of DNA. | | |
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75.
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The
exchange of segments of DNA between the members of a pair of chromosomes a. | ensures that
variation within a species never occurs. | b. | acts as a source of variation within a
species. | c. | always produces genetic disorders. | d. | is called
crossing. | | |
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76.
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The
“father” of genetics was a. | T. A. Knight. | c. | Gregor Mendel. | b. | Hans
Krebs. | d. | None of the
above | | | | |
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77.
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What
is the probability that the offspring of a homozygous dominant individual and a homozygous recessive
individual will exhibit the dominant phenotype?
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78.
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True-breeding pea plants always a. | are pollinated by hand. | b. | produce
offspring with either form of a trait. | c. | produce offspring with only one form of a
trait. | d. | are heterozygous. | | |
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79.
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The
first filial (F1) generation is the result of a. | cross-pollination among parents and the next generation. | b. | crosses between
individuals of the parental generation. | c. | crosses between the offspring of a parental
cross. | d. | self-fertilization between parental
stock. | | |
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80.
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F2 : F1 :: a. | P :
F1 | c. | F1 : P | b. | F1 : F2 | d. | dominant trait : recessive trait | | | | |
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81.
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Mendel’s finding that the inheritance of one trait had no effect on the
inheritance of another became known as the a. | law of dominance. | c. | law of separate convenience. | b. | law of universal
inheritance. | d. | law of
independent assortment. | | | | |
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82.
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To
describe how traits can disappear and reappear in a certain pattern from generation to generation,
Mendel proposed a. | the law of
independent assortment. | b. | the law of segregation. | c. | the law of
genotypes. | d. | that the F2 generation will
only produce purple flowers. | | |
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83.
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The
phenotype of an organism a. | represents its genetic composition. | b. | reflects all the
traits that are actually expressed. | c. | occurs only in dominant pure
organisms. | d. | cannot be seen. | | |
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84.
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If an
individual has two recessive alleles for the same trait, the individual is said to
be a. | homozygous for
the trait. | c. | heterozygous for
the trait. | b. | haploid for the trait. | d. | mutated. | | | | |
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85.
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Tallness (T) is dominant to shortness (t) in pea plants. Which of the following
represents a genotype of a pea plant that is heterozygous for tallness?
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In
humans, having freckles (F) is dominant to not having freckles (f). The inheritance of these traits
can be studied using a Punnett square similar to the one shown below.
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86.
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Refer
to the illustration above. The genotype in box “3” of the Punnett square
is a. | FF. | c. | ff. | b. | Ff. | d. | None of the above | | | | |
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87.
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A
trait that occurs in 450 individuals out of a total of 1,800 individuals occurs with a probability
of a. | 0.04. | c. | 0.50. | b. | 0.25. | d. | 0.75. | | | | |
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88.
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How
many different phenotypes can be produced by a pair of codominant alleles?
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89.
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Refer
to the illustration above. The phenotype represented by the cell labeled “1”
is a. | green,
inflated. | c. | yellow,
inflated. | b. | green, constricted. | d. | yellow, constricted. | | | | |
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90.
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Refer
to the illustration above. The genotype represented by the cell labeled “2”
is
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91.
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2,000
yellow seeds : 8,000 total seeds :: a. | 1 : 6 | c. | 1 : 3 | b. | 1 :
8 | d. | 1 :
4 | | | | |
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In
rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Consider the following cross between two
rabbits.
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92.
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Refer
to the illustration above. The device shown, which is used to determine the probable outcome of
genetic crosses, is called a a. | Mendelian box. | c. | Genetic graph. | b. | Punnett
square. | d. | Phenotypic
paradox. | | | | |
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93.
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Refer
to the illustration above. Both of the parents in the cross are a. | black. | c. | homozygous
dominant. | b. | brown. | d. | homozygous recessive. | | | | |
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94.
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Refer
to the illustration above. The phenotype of the offspring indicated by box “3” would
be a. | brown. | c. | a mixture of
brown and black. | b. | black. | d. | The phenotype cannot be determined. | | | | |
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95.
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Refer
to the illustration above. The phenotype represented by the cell labeled “1”
is a. | round,
yellow. | c. | wrinkled,
yellow. | b. | round, green. | d. | wrinkled, green. | | | | |
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96.
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Refer
to the illustration above. The genotype represented by the cell labeled “2”
is a. | RRYY. | c. | RrYy. | b. | RrYY. | d. | rrYy. | | | | |
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97.
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In
pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant over green seeds. What would be the expected genotype ratio in
a cross between a plant with green seeds and a plant that is heterozygous for seed
color?
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98.
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The
difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross is that a. | monohybrid
crosses involve traits for which only one allele exists, while dihybrid traits involve two
alleles. | b. | monohybrid crosses involve self-pollination, while dihybrid
crosses involve cross-pollination. | c. | monohybrid crosses involve one gene; dihybrid crosses involve
two genes. | d. | dihybrid crosses require two Punnett squares; monohybrid
crosses need only one. | | |
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|
|
99.
|
What
fraction of the offspring resulting from a heterozygous ´ heterozygous dihybrid cross are heterozygous for both
traits?
|
|
|
100.
|
A
cross of two individuals for a single contrasting trait is called a. | monohybrid. | c. | dominant. | b. | dihybrid. | d. | codominant. | | | | |
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