Human Anatomy

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____	1.	Which of the following best describes the main function of the circulatory system?
A.	to deliver nutrients and other essential materials to cells and remove waste products	
B.	to break down the nutrients found in food so that they can be used by all cells in the body	
C.	to produce the chemical signals that allow parts of the body to communicate over long distances	
D.	to coordinate all other body systems so that they can function together to maintain homeostasis	

____	2.	Which of the following includes three parts of the cardiovascular system?
A.	the lungs, the heart, and the brain	
B.	the blood, the spleen, and the tonsils	
C.	the heart, the arteries, and the capillaries	
D.	the veins, the lymph nodes, and the thymus	

____	3.	Ahmed is studying certain blood vessels in the body. In these vessels, blood travels from the heart to the muscles in the upper arms. Which type of vessels is Ahmed studying?
A.	veins 	
B.	arteries	
C.	capillaries	
D.	lymph ducts	

____	4.	Sonia is studying where oxygen goes in the body. She investigates how oxygen moves from the bloodstream into the cells. Which structure is Sonia most likely to examine in this work?
A.	the veins	
B.	the heart	
C.	the capillaries	
D.	the lymph nodes	

____	5.	Which of the following best describes a vein?
A.	a group of organs that collect excess fluid	
B.	a muscular organ that pumps blood to all parts of the body 	
C.	a liquid that contains nutrients and waste products within it	
D.	a tube that carries blood to the heart from other parts of the body	

____	6.	Sergey runs a mile in gym class. After running, Sergey breathes heavily, pulling air into his lungs. Which statement best describes the path that the oxygen takes from his lungs to cells in his body? 
A.	Oxygen first enters his systemic circulation, then his heart, then his pulmonary circulation.	
B.	Oxygen first enters his pulmonary circulation, then his heart, then his systemic circulation.	
C.	Oxygen first enters his heart, then his systemic circulation, then his pulmonary circulation.	
D.	Oxygen first enters his heart, then his pulmonary circulation, then his systemic circulation.	

____	7.	Which of the following includes two types of cells found in blood?
A.	platelets and capillaries	
B.	red blood cells and antigens	
C.	red blood cells and capillaries	
D.	white blood cells and platelets	

____	8.	Luca goes to the doctor for his annual physical exam. The doctor tells Luca that his blood pressure is too high. Which statement best explains what the doctor means by this?
A.	Luca has too many blood cells in his bloodstream.	
B.	Luca’s heart is beating too many times each minute.	
C.	The blood flowing inside Luca’s veins is moving too quickly. 	
D.	There is too much force on the inside walls of Luca’s arteries. 	

____	9.	Each system in the body has parts that work together. Look at the following diagram.

Which statement is true of the diagram?
A.	I is the pulmonary circulation, and II is the part of the cardiovascular system that carries blood into the lymph nodes.	
B.	I is the systemic circulation, and II is the portion of the cardiovascular system that carries blood only between the heart and the lungs.	
C.	I is the portion of the cardiovascular system that carries blood from the heart throughout the entire body, and II is the pulmonary circulation.	
D.	I is the portion of the cardiovascular system that carries blood between the heart and the lungs, and II is the systemic circulation.	

____	10.	Steve has pain in his chest one day, and it spreads to his upper left arm. He goes to the hospital, and his doctor says that, for a short time, part of Steve’s heart muscle did not get enough oxygen. Which cardiovascular system disorder did Steve most likely have?
A.	stroke	
B.	heart attack	
C.	arteriosclerosis	
D.	high blood pressure	

____	11.	The circulatory system has several types of blood vessels. Look at the following diagram.

Which statement about the diagram is correct?

A.	Label 1 indicates blood flow in an artery, and label 3 indicates a vein.	
B.	Label 1 indicates blood flow in a vein, and label 3 indicates an artery.	
C.	Label 2 indicates blood flow in a vein, and label 3 indicates a capillary.	
D.	Label 2 indicates blood flow in a capillary, and label 3 indicates an artery. 	

____	12.	Each system in the body is made up of structures that work together. Look at the following diagram. 

Which of the following best describes the main function of the system shown in the diagram?
A.	to take in water and maintain water balance 	
B.	to take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide	
C.	to produce antigens in order to fight infections  	
D.	to obtain food and break it into smaller nutrients	

____	13.	Which process best describes respiration?
A.	removing wastes from the blood stream	
B.	breaking down food into smaller nutrients	
C.	obtaining oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide	
D.	eliminating pathogens from the blood and lymph fluid	

____	14.	Amy goes to the doctor because she is not feeling well. The doctor carefully looks for anything abnormal in Amy’s pharynx. The doctor then listens through his stethoscope for abnormal sounds in Amy’s bronchi and alveoli. Which body system is the doctor examining?
A.	the lymphatic system	
B.	the respiratory system	
C.	the circulatory system	
D.	the cardiovascular system	

____	15.	Read the following two statements:

       I. This is a single tube that connects the larynx to the lungs.
      II. This is one of two tubes that connects the trachea to the lungs.

Which of the following is true?
A.	Statement I refers to the trachea.	
B.	Statement I refers to the bronchi.	
C.	Statement II refers to the alveoli.	
D.	Statement II refers to the pharynx. 	

____	16.	In which structure are the vocal cords found?
A.	larynx	
B.	alveoli	
C.	bronchi	
D.	pharynx	

____	17.	Which of the following best describes the alveoli?
A.	a single tube that connects the larynx to the lungs	
B.	tiny sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged	
C.	a passageway that leads from the mouth to the top of the trachea	
D.	two folds of tissue stretched over the airway that vibrate to produce sound 	

____	18.	Which statement correctly describes a difference between the pharynx and the larynx?
A.	The pharynx contains the vocal cords; the larynx does not.	
B.	The pharynx is closer to the mouth; the larynx is closer to the lungs.  	
C.	The larynx is a single tube; the pharynx includes two parallel tubes.	
D.	The larynx is larger than the pharynx; the pharynx is a small part of the larynx.	

____	19.	Which statement is the best description of respiration?
A.	Respiration is the same thing as inhaling and exhaling oxygen. 	
B.	Respiration is the process of breathing in oxygen through the lungs.	
C.	Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli. 	
D.	Respiration includes inhaling, exhaling, and reactions in cells using oxygen.	

____	20.	Look at the following diagram. 

Which disorder refers to an inflammation in the structure labeled 1?
A.	bronchitis	
B.	pneumonia	
C.	lung cancer	
D.	emphysema	

____	21.	The environment can affect a person’s health. Which of the following diseases would be most adversely affected by cigarette smoke?
A.	emphysema and Parkinson’s disease	
B.	asthma and gonorrhea	
C.	asthma and Parkinson’s disease	
D.	emphysema and asthma	

____	22.	What is the main function of the digestive system?
A.	to remove wastes found in the blood	
B.	to break down food so that it can be used by the body	
C.	to transport important nutrients to all parts of the body	
D.	to communicate signals between distant parts of the body	

____	23.	When he eats, Eli takes his time and chews his food carefully. Which of these explains what Eli is doing as his teeth mash and crush the food into small pieces?
A.	He is performing peristalsis. 	
B.	He is chemically digesting his food.	
C.	He is mechanically digesting his food.	
D.	He is mixing his saliva with bile.	

____	24.	Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down the fat in food molecules into smaller molecules. Which of the following best describes the function of lipase?
A.	absorption	
B.	indigestion	
C.	chemical digestion	
D.	mechanical digestion	

____	25.	Which of the following correctly describes the role of the mouth in the digestive system?
A.	The mouth begins the process of digestion by mechanically breaking food into smaller pieces.	
B.	The mouth performs the peristalsis that pushes food through the rest of the digestive system. 	
C.	The mouth acts like a muscular bag by churning the food and producing enzymes that aid in chemical digestion.	
D.	The mouth produces all of the enzymes needed for digestion and these enzymes are swallowed, which moves them through the digestive tract. 	

____	26.	Alice feels pain in her chest after she eats a big meal. Her doctor tells her that the pain is from stomach acid being pushed up into the tube that leads from her mouth to her stomach. To which digestive system structure is Alice’s doctor referring?
A.	liver	
B.	esophagus	
C.	large intestine	
D.	small intestine	

____	27.	Tamara is studying the human digestive system in science class. A diagram similar to the one that follows appears in her text book.

Which organ is indicated by label B?
A.	esophagus	
B.	liver	
C.	pancreas	
D.	stomach	

____	28.	Which term refers to the muscular contractions that push food through such organs as the esophagus and the intestines? 
A.	absorption	
B.	digestion	
C.	enzymes	
D.	peristalsis	

____	29.	Which of the following best describes the structure of the stomach?
A.	a thin tube	
B.	a muscular pouch	
C.	a fingerlike projection	
D.	a network of blood vessels	

____	30.	Sofia finds a diagram, similar to the one that follows, that shows what the inside of a human small intestine looks like. She notices that the inside of this organ is covered with small, fingerlike projections.

What are these projections called?

A.	bile	
B.	enzymes	
C.	nephrons	
D.	villi	

____	31.	What is the main function of the small intestine?
A.	to mechanically break down food into tiny pieces	
B.	to produce bile that breaks down proteins in food	
C.	to store waste before it is eliminated from the body	
D.	to absorb the nutrients from food into the bloodstream	

____	32.	Which structure releases enzymes into the small intestine to aid in chemical digestion?
A.	anus	
B.	large intestine	
C.	pancreas	
D.	rectum	

____	33.	When Shawn gets his annual checkup, his doctor tells him to eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables. This will help his liver function properly. What could be a result of a person’s liver not producing enough bile?

A.	Mechanical digestion will not happen as much as it should.	
B.	Waste will not be stored for a long enough time before it is eliminated. 	
C.	Food will not be pushed along through the digestive tract as fast as it should.	
D.	The fat in the food a person eats will not be broken down and absorbed as it should. 	

____	34.	Which of the following correctly describes bile?
A.	It is made by the pancreas and stored in the liver. 	
B.	It is made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. 	
C.	It is made by the large intestine and stored in the rectum. 	
D.	It is made by the salivary glands and stored in the stomach. 	

____	35.	Which digestive system organ has the main function of absorbing water from digested material?
A.	stomach	
B.	esophagus	
C.	small intestine	
D.	large intestine	

____	36.	Pierre is studying the organs in the human digestive system. He looks at a diagram of the 
intestines, similar to the one that follows. 

Which of the following correctly describes the diagram?
A.	Structure A is the small intestine, and structure B connects the mouth to the stomach.	
B.	Structure A is the small intestine, and structure B absorbs water from digested material.	
C.	Structure A is the large intestine, and structure B absorbs nutrients from digested material. 	
D.	Structure A is the large intestine, and structure B produces bile and stores it temporarily. 	

____	37.	The following organs are part of the human digestive system.

A: anus
B: small intestine
C: stomach
D: rectum

Which of the following choices arranges the organs in the order in which materials would move through them during digestion?

A.	C, B, D, A	
B.	B, C, A, D	
C.	B, D, C, A	
D.	D, B, C, A	

____	38.	The following diagram shows a cross section of the villi that cover the inner walls of the small intestine.

Which of the following best describes how nutrients get from the small intestine to other tissues in the body?
A.	Blood transports nutrients from the small intestine to other body tissues.	
B.	Nephrons filter the blood in the small intestine before the nutrients are transported to other tissues.	
C.	The blood in the small intestine is filtered through the glomerulus before blood vessels transport the nutrients to other tissues.	
D.	Nutrients pass from the small intestine to the urinary system, where waste is removed from the blood before it transports nutrients to tissues.	

____	39.	Which of the following best explains the interaction between the digestive system and the respiratory system?
A.	To use the energy in food broken down by the digestive system, the body needs oxygen obtained by the respiratory system.	
B.	The main function of the respiratory system is to control, coordinate, and regulate most of the functions of the digestive system.	
C.	Coordination between the respiratory and digestive systems is necessary because the digestive system obtains oxygen needed by the respiratory system. 	
D.	The digestive system obtains nutrients from the food that is eaten, and the respiratory system transports the nutrients to the brain where they are needed.	

____	40.	Which of the following correctly pairs a body system with its relationship to the digestive system?
A.	nervous systemè removes wastes from the blood 	
B.	respiratory systemèobtains oxygen so the energy in nutrients can be extracted	
C.	excretory systemètransports nutrients from the small intestine to other tissues	
D.	circulatory systemèregulates and controls digestive functioning	

____	41.	What is the main function of the excretory system?
A.	to remove waste from the blood	
B.	to regulate and control other body systems	
C.	to obtain oxygen and transport it to all tissues	
D.	to break down nutrients into smaller molecules	

____	42.	Some diseases cause a person’s kidneys to not function properly. A dialysis machine is a device that does the work of a person’s kidneys. What does a dialysis machine do? 
A.	break down nutrients 	
B.	filter waste from the blood	
C.	regulate the digestive system 	
D.	transport oxygen through the bloodstream	

____	43.	Mai is studying the human urinary system. She is looking at a diagram similar to the one that follows.

Which organ in the urinary system regulates the amount of water in the body to maintain homeostasis?

A.	R	
B.	S	
C.	T	
D.	W	

____	44.	How are nephrons related to kidney function?
A.	Nephrons surround the kidneys and support them.	
B.	Nephrons are the specialized tubes found in kidneys.	
C.	Kidneys rely on nephrons to supply them with oxygen. 	
D.	Kidneys filter the blood, and nephrons deliver nutrients to the kidneys	

____	45.	A ureter carries liquid waste between which structures?
A.	a kidney and the bladder	
B.	a nephron and a kidney	
C.	a glomerulus and a nephron	
D.	the bladder and the outside of the body	

____	46.	Jin’s urethra is not functioning as it should. Which of the following problems would Jin be most likely to have?
A.	His blood is not being filtered properly.	
B.	He cannot break down food into smaller molecules. 	
C.	Liquid waste cannot reach his bladder after leaving his kidneys. 	
D.	He may have difficulty eliminating liquid waste from his bladder.	

____	47.	Look at the following diagram.

In what order does waste from the bloodstream pass through the parts of the urinary system?
A.	R, S, T, W	
B.	W, R, T, S	
C.	T, R, W, S	
D.	S, W, R, T	

____	48.	Each body system is composed of parts that work together. What are the main parts of the skeletal system?

A.	nose, lungs, diaphragm	
B.	esophagus, stomach, liver	
C.	bones, cartilage, ligaments	
D.	kidneys, bladder, large intestine	

____	49.	The body’s skeletal and muscular systems work together to produce movement. Which of the following is another important function of the skeletal system?
 
A.	It fights off infections.	
B.	It protects the inner organs.	
C.	It rids the body of waste products.	
D.	It produces testosterone and estrogen.	

____	50.	As children grow older, their bones grow too. The growth of the long bones happens in a plate near the end of each bone. What happens to the cells of cartilage in a growth plate?

A.	Cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells.	
B.	Cartilage cells lengthen to help stretch out the bone.	
C.	Cartilage cells expand and become spongy bone cells.	
D.	Cartilage cells move into spongy bone as bone marrow.	

____	51.	Bones are made up of layers. The dense outer layer is called compact bone. The inside of the bone looks like a honeycomb, with many small open spaces. This layer is called spongy bone.

Which of the following fills the open spaces in spongy bone?

A.	blood	
B.	cartilage	
C.	ligaments 	
D.	bone marrow	

____	52.	Bones are the major part of the body’s skeletal system. What is one of the main functions of bones?

A.	release growth hormones	
B.	provide structure and support	
C.	carry oxygen to the body’s cells	
D.	serve as the main source of calcium 	

____	53.	The body constantly makes new blood cells. This image shows the inner structure of a bone.

Which of the following makes new blood cells?

A.	cartilage	
B.	spongy bone	
C.	bone marrow	
D.	compact bone 	

____	54.	Children have a different number of bones than adults do. Why is this the case?

A.	As children develop, they grow new bones, and adults have more bones as a result.	
B.	As children develop, some of their bones fuse together, and adults have fewer bones as a result.	
C.	As children develop, some of their bones separate into smaller bones, and adults have more bones as a result.	
D.	As children develop, their bones become damaged and they experience bone loss, and adults have fewer bones as a result.	

____	55.	This image shows the structure of an arm. The arm can bend or straighten because of a joint that forms the elbow.

Which type of joint is the elbow?

A.	fixed	
B.	hinge	
C.	gliding	
D.	ball-and-socket	

____	56.	This image shows the structure of a joint. Joints can have several different parts, including cartilage and ligaments.

What function does cartilage perform in a joint?

A.	It cushions the bones.	
B.	It contracts and relaxes.	
C.	It connects bones together.	
D.	It connects bones to muscles.	

____	57.	A joint that does not allow movement is called a fixed joint. Which of the following is an example of a fixed joint?

A.	ankle	
B.	knee	
C.	neck	
D.	skull	

____	58.	Which part of the skeletal system is a place where two or more bones connect?

A.	calcium	
B.	joint	
C.	marrow	
D.	tendon	

____	59.	Muscles make up almost half of a person’s body. What is muscle tissue?

A.	tissue that is part of the skeletal system	
B.	tissue that is made up mainly of cartilage	
C.	tissue that is produced in the spongy part of bones	
D.	tissue that contracts and relaxes to produce movement	

____	60.	Why is the muscle action in the heart and other organs known as involuntary muscle action?

A.	Diet controls the action of the heart and other organ muscles.	
B.	The tendons control the action of the heart and other organ muscles.	
C.	The person chooses to control the action of the heart and other organ muscles.	
D.	The person cannot consciously control the action of the heart and other organ muscles.	

____	61.	Tendons play an important role in the body. What is the function of tendons?

A.	They produce blood cells.	
B.	They produce testosterone.	
C.	They connect bones at a joint.	
D.	They connect skeletal muscle to bone.	

____	62.	Each body system performs functions that are important for life. What is the main function of the muscular system?

A.	to fight off pathogens	
B.	to allow movement and flexibility	
C.	to exercise and strengthen the body	
D.	to break down food and release energy	

____	63.	Different types of joints make it possible to move different body parts. Which of the following correctly matches a body part with its corresponding joint?

A.	The neck contains a hinge joint.	
B.	The wrist contains a fixed joint.	
C.	The elbow contains a gliding joint.	
D.	The hip contains a ball-and-socket joint.	

____	64.	Which of the following is an example of voluntary muscle action?

A.	fingers typing on a keyboard	
B.	pupils dilating in reaction to light	
C.	the heart pumping blood through body	
D.	the stomach moving food to the intestines	

____	65.	Skeletal muscles are attached to bones to allow movement. Skeletal muscles have a striped appearance. This image shows a magnified view of skeletal muscle.

Which of the following is true of skeletal muscles?

A.	Skeletal muscles are an example of cardiac muscle.	
B.	Skeletal muscles are an example of smooth muscle.	
C.	Skeletal muscles are an example of voluntary muscle.	
D.	Skeletal muscles are an example of involuntary muscle.	

____	66.	This image shows arm muscles working to bend an arm.

What happens when the biceps contracts?

A.	It pulls on tendons, causing the arm to bend at the elbow.	
B.	It pulls on ligaments, causing the arm to bend at the elbow.	
C.	It pushes on tendons, causing the arm to bend at the elbow.	
D.	It pushes on ligaments, causing the arm to bend at the elbow.	

____	67.	Calcium and vitamin D are vital nutrients that the body needs. People who do not get enough of them may develop a disorder called osteoporosis. The following image shows how osteoporosis affects the body.

Which of the following is more likely to happen to a person who has this disorder?

A.	injuries such as broken bones	
B.	injuries such as loss of eyesight	
C.	injuries such as bruised muscles	
D.	injuries such as cuts and scrapes	

____	68.	Jeff fell while playing basketball and dislocated his shoulder. Jeff’s doctor told him that he had injured an important part of his skeletal system. But luckily, it will heal quickly. What part of the skeletal system is injured when a shoulder is dislocated?

A.	joint	
B.	spongy bone	
C.	bone marrow	
D.	compact bone	

____	69.	Arthritis is a disease that attacks the joints. It can damage the cartilage at the ends of the bones. What happens if arthritis destroys cartilage in a joint?

A.	Bones in the joint will rub against each other.	
B.	Muscles in the joint will cushion the bones instead.	
C.	The joint does not have cartilage, so arthritis cannot destroy it.	
D.	The bones that connect at the joint will not be held together. 	

____	70.	Muscular dystrophy is an inherited disease. Over time, genetic defects weaken skeletal muscles. What problem can weakening skeletal muscles cause?

A.	loss of bone marrow	
B.	damage to spongy bone	
C.	difficulty standing and walking	
D.	loss of involuntary muscle control	

____	71.	Tetanus is a muscular system disease caused by bacteria. People can become infected if they get a puncture wound, allowing bacteria to get deep under the skin. The bacteria release toxins that interfere with movement. Which of the following is most likely a symptom of tetanus?

A.	inflamed tendons	
B.	stiff and swollen joints	
C.	overstretched or torn ligaments	
D.	uncontrollable muscle contractions	

____	72.	Which of the following body parts is made of cardiac muscle?

A.	heart	
B.	biceps	
C.	stomach	
D.	blood vessel	

____	73.	Pairs of muscles often work together to produce movement. The following image shows arm muscles working together.

When the biceps contracts and gets shorter, what does the triceps do?

A.	It relaxes and gets longer.	
B.	It relaxes and gets shorter.	
C.	It contracts and gets longer.	
D.	It contracts and gets shorter.	

____	74.	For a person to move his or her arm, the bones of the arm must work together with a pair of muscles. This image shows the action of the biceps and the triceps muscles.

What is true about the biceps and the triceps?

A.	Both the biceps and the triceps are flexor muscles.	
B.	Both the biceps and the triceps are extensor muscles.	
C.	The biceps is a flexor muscle, and the triceps is an extensor muscle.	
D.	The biceps is an extensor muscle, and the triceps is a flexor muscle.	

____	75.	The human muscular system can suffer injury or disease. Which of the following is most likely caused by a person’s heredity?

A.	tendonitis	
B.	muscular dystrophy	
C.	a muscle strain	
D.	a muscle tear