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Intermediate Latin
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1
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The
subject of a sentence is put in the nominative.
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Cicerō
oratiōnem habuit
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Cicero gave a speech
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2
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nominative
as subject complement
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The
subject complement of a sentence with a linking verb is put in the
nominative.
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Quintus erat laetus
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Quintus was glad
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Cicerō consul creātus est
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Cicero was elected consul
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3
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The
genitive is used to indicate the possessor (in a wide sense) of the noun it
describes.
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filius agricolae
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the son of the farmer
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4
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genitive
of place where (locative)
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To
indicate place where for the names of towns, cities, and small islands of the
first and second declensions singular, as well as for the words domus house, humus ground, and rus country(side), the locative (genitive of place where) is used (instead of
the ablative of place where without preposition). Compare #29 ablative of place where without
preposition.
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Romae habitābāmus
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we were living in Rome
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5
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genitive
with causā or gratiā
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The
genitive case is used with causā or gratiā for the sake, purpose of placed after
that genitive, esp. with a gerund or a gerundive.
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bellī gerendī
causā
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for the sake of waging war
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pugnandī
causā
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for the sake of fighting
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6
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The
partitive genitive describing another noun is used to indicate the whole and
a part of it, respectively.
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partem hostium
interfēcērunt
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they killed part of the enemy
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aliquid novī
percēpī
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I learned something new
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7
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genitive
of indefinite value
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Expressions
of indefinite value, often used with the impersonal verbs interest and
refert it matters, it is of value
are put in the genitive. Examples: magnī much, a lot, parvī little, tantī so
much, quantī? how much?,
pluris more, and minōris
less. Contrast with #43 ablative of price.
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magnī
interest
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it is of great interest
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eum maximī
aestimō
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I value him very highly
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8
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dative
as indirect object
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The
indirect object of a verb is put in the dative case.
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Marcus patrī
donum dēdit
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Marcus gave his father a gift; Marcus gave a gift to his father.
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9
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dative
with special verbs
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The
dative (rather than the accusative) is used with so-called special verbs,
such as credō to trust,
imperō to order, noceō
to harm, pareō to obey, persuādeō to persuade, resistō to resist, and studeō to study.
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mīlitēs ducī
credidērunt
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the soldiers trusted their leader
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10
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dative
with compound verbs
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Some
compound verbs, such as praesum to
be in charge of, take the dative (rather than the accusative), or take
both a dative and accusative, e.g., praeficiō to put in charge of.
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praetōrēs copiīs
praefēcit
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he put the praetors in charge of the troops
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11
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dative
of agent (with gerundive)
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In
the construction of a gerundive and the verb esse (also known as the
passive periphrastic), the dative is used (instead of the ablative of
personal agent) to express the agent of the action. Compare with #41 ablative of personal agent.
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hoc negotium tibi
faciendum est
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this matter must be done by you
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12
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The
dative is used with esse to indicate the owner.
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Marcō
erat gladius
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Marcus had a sword (litt.: for Marcus was a sword)
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13
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The
dative is used to indicate for whose benefit or advantage something is done.
Compare with #8 dative as indirect
object. See also #15 double dative.
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vae victīs
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woe to the conquered!
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repente mihī
vēnit miles
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suddenly a soldier came for me
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14
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This
dative expresses the purpose of the verb. Nouns most commonly seen in this
construction are auxiliō for
an aid; of help, curae for a
care; a source of worry, impedimentō for a hindrance; cumbersome, praesidiō for a guard; for protection, subsidiō
for a support; as a support; a source of support, usuī for a use; of use; useful. See also #15 double dative.
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id auxiliō
futurum esse sperō
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I hope that this will be of help
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15
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The
two datives defined immediately above, i.e. # 13 dative of reference and #14 dative
of purpose, are frequently used in one clause, and are then called double
dative.
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equites Caesarī auxiliō
erant
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the horsemen were of help to Caesar
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eōs praesidiō oppidō
reliquit
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he left them behind as a protection for the town
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16
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accusative
as direct object
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The
direct object of a verb is in the accusative.
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pecuniam
invēnērunt
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they found the money
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equum puellae dēdit
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he gave the girl a horse
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17
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Some
transitive verbs take a second accusative in addition to their direct object.
Two types:
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17a
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A second accusative is used
as praedicate accusative, i.e., an accusative that restates the direct
object, with verbs of naming (vocō, appellō),
choosing (creō), appointing, making (faciō),
esteeming (ducō, habeō), and showing (praebeō,
ostendō). In the passive voice, these verbs may have two
nominatives, i.e., one subject and
one praedicate nominative (also known as subject
complement).
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eum consulem
creāvērunt
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they elected him (as) consul
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semper tē amīcum
habuī
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I always considered you a friend
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17b
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A second accusative is used with verbs of
teaching, such as doceō, and of asking, such as rogō.
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docēre puerōs
elementa
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to teach boys the basics
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Marcum
multa rogāvī
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I asked Marcus many things
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18
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accusative
with certain prepositions
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Certain
prepositions, such as ad to,
toward, praeter past, extra
outside, prope near, ante before, propter on
account of, apud at, among,
inter between, super over, circum around, ob on account of, trans across,
per through, contra against, post after, erga toward, adversus against, infra below, secundum after, circiter about, intra within, iuxta near, supra above, cis this side of, citra this
side of, ultra beyond, versus
beyond all
take the accusative.
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post cenam
discessērunt
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they left after dinner
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post multos dies
filium invenī
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she found her son after many days
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19
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accusative
of motion toward
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Motion
towards (place to which) is expressed by the accusative case with the
prepositions in into, against,
ad toward, per through or sub under. Contrast with #28 ablative of place where for in
and sub with the ablative!
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ad casam
festinavit
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he hurried to the house
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sub arborem cucurrit
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she ran under the tree
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20
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accusative
of motion toward without preposition
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The
prepositions of motion toward (see immediately above) are omitted with the
names of towns, cities, small islands and the words domus house, humus ground, and rus country(side). Compare with #29 ablative
of place where without preposition and #39 ablative of separation without preposition.
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Rōmam ire
vult
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he wants to go to Rome
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rus contendit
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he hurried to the countryside
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21
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accusative
of duration of time
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This
accusative is used to express duration of time; in other words, it answers
the question “for how long?” Distinguish from #30 ablative time when or within which; compare with #22 accusative of extent of space.
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multōs diēs ibi
mansērunt
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for many days they stayed there
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22
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accusative
of extent of space
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This
accusative is used to express extent of space; in other words, it answers the
question “for how far?” Look for a word in the accusative which denotes some
measure of distance, area, or volume. Compare with #21 accusative of duration of time.
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paucōs pedēs
processit
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he proceeded for a few feet
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23
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accusative
as exclamation
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The
accusative is used to express an exclamation.
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o mē infelicem!
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oh, unhappy me!
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fortunatam rem publicam!
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fortunate republic!
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24
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accusative
as subject of indirect statement
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The
accusative is used to indicate the subject of an indirect statement.
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dixit coniuratōs
confessōs esse
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he said that the conspirators had confessed
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25
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ablative
with certain prepositions
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Certain
prepositions, such as ā or ab from, cum with, dē
from, about, ē or ex
out of, from, prō for, and sine without, take the ablative. See also
its subcategory #38 ablative of
separation.
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prō patriā
pugnaverunt
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they fought for their fatherland
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26
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ablative
with certain adjectives
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Certain
adjectives, such as dignus worthy
(of), indignus unworthy (of), and plenus full
(of) take the ablative.
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magnō honore
dignus erat
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he was worthy of great honor
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27
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ablative
of means or instrument
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The
ablative is used to express means or instrument; in other words, it answers
the question “by what means?” It is usually an object. Contrast with #33 ablative of accompaniment (always with cum) and #32 ablative of manner (sometimes with cum);
all are usually translated with the preposition with.
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gladiīs
pugnavērunt
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they fought with swords
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28
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Place
where is expressed with the prepositions in in, at, on or sub underneath,
below, under with the ablative. Contrast with #19 accusative of motion toward for in or sub with the
accusative!
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in insulā
habitant
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they live on an island
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sub arbore sēdeō
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I am sitting under a tree
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29
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ablative
of place where without preposition
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The
ablative of place where is used without a preposition for the names of cities
and towns, small islands, and for the words domus house, humus ground,
and rus country(side). (Note: for singular names of
cities, towns, and small islands of the 1st and 2nd
declension #4 genitive of place where [locative] is used.) Compare with #20 accusative of motion toward without
preposition and #39 ablative of
separation without preposition.
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Athēnīs
remanēbat
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he was staying in Athens
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Carthagine maneō
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I am staying in Carthage
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30
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ablative
of time when or within which
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The
ablative is used to indicate time when or time within which. Contrast with
#21 accusative of duration of time.
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quartā horā vēnit
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he came at the fourth hour
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librum paucīs diēbus
lēgit
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she read the book within a few days
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31
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ablative
of degree of difference
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Degree
of difference is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. Contrast
with #18 accusative with certain
prepositions for post and ante. (in the example below, post
and ante are adverbs, not prepositions.)
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sum multō
altior quam Marcus
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I am much taller than Marcus
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multīs
post (ante) annīs
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many years later (earlier)
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32
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The
ablative with cum is used to express the manner in which something is
done; in other words, it answers the question “how? in what manner?” Cum may be omitted if an
adjective modifies the noun. Compare with #33 ablative of accompaniment (always with cum) and #27 ablative of means or instrument (never
with cum); all are usually translated with the preposition with.
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verba cum curā
parāvit
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he prepared his words with care
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eōs magnā (cum) laude
accēpit
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he received them with great honor
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33
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ablative
of accompaniment
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The
ablative with cum is used to express accompaniment; it generally
denotes persons. Compare with #32 ablative of
manner (sometimes with cum) and #27 ablative of means or instrument (never with cum); all are
usually translated with the preposition with.
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Rōmam cum Marcō
iī
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I went to Rome with Marcus
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34
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The
ablative answers the question “for what reason? because of what?” Compare
with #35 ablative of specification.
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timōre fūgit
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he fled because of fear
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35
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ablative
of specification
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The
ablative is used to specify or limit the range of the verb. Compare with #34 ablative of cause.
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virtūte
praecedunt
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they excel in courage
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sunt hominēs non rē sed
nomine
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they are men not in fact but in name
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36
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ablative
with certain deponent verbs
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Certain
deponent verbs, such as utor to
use, fungor to use, fruor
to enjoy, and potior to get possession of, take the
ablative.
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castrīs
potiuntur
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they take possession of the camp
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aurō
heros potitur
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the hero takes the gold
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37
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The
person with whom or thing with which a comparison is made is expressed by the
ablative.
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Marcus est sorōre
altior
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Marcus is taller than his sister
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38
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The
ablative with the preposition ā or ab, dē, ē
or ex is used to express separation. Compare with #25 ablative with certain prepositions.
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deus dē caelō
vēnit
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the god came down from the sky
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ē silvā cucurrit
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she ran out of the forest
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39
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ablative
of separation without preposition
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Verbs
or adjectives expressing separation generally use the ablative without a
preposition; it is also used for the names of cities, towns, small islands, domus
house, humus ground, and rus country(side). Compare with #20 accusative
of motion toward without preposition and #29 ablative of place where without preposition.
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oculīs se
privāvit
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he deprived himself of his eyes
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mē curā liberāvit
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she freed me from worry
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urbs nuda praesidiō
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a city deprived of protection
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moenia defensōribus
vacua
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walls empty of defenders
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domō festināvistī
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you hurried from home
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40
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ablative
of personal quality
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The
ablative is used to express personal quality.
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vir parvā prudentiā
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a man of little prudence
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41
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ablative
of personal agent
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Personal
agent is expressed by the ablative with a or ab in passive voice
sentences. Compare with #38 ablative of
separation (sometimes with a or ab). Compare with #11 dative of agent.
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ab Antoniō vocābar
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I was being called by Antonius
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42
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A
combination of a (pro)noun in the ablative and a participle in agreement with
it is called the ablative absolute. It can also consist of a noun and another
(pron)noun, with a present participle being
understood.
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auxiliō allatō servābimur
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with help having been brought in, we will be saved
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mē duce
vicistis
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with me (being, as) leader, you won
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43
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Price
is put in the ablative. Contrast with #7 genitive
of indefinite value.
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agrum ducentis aureis
emit
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he buys a field for two hundred gold coins
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hunc equum centum
sestertiis emi
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I bought this horse for one hundred sestertii
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44
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Origin
is expressed by the ablative.
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vir nobilī genere
nātus
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a man born of (from) a noble family
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Quintus lībertīnō
patre nātus est
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Quintus was born from a freedman father
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45
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vocative
as direct address
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A
vocative is used for direct address. (A vocative looks the same as a
nominative, with only two exceptions: a 2nd declension singular word ending
in –us has a vocative ending in –e, and a 2nd declension
singular word ending in -ius has a vocative ending in -ī.)
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Anna, ambulā mēcum!
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Anna, walk with me!
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Marce Tullī,
quid agis?
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Marcus Tullius, what are you doing?
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