7th Final Review

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7th Final Review

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

The federal government is divided into separate branches to

a.	keep any one branch from growing too powerful.
b.	make the government run more efficiently.
c.	provide flexibility in the interpretation of laws.
d.	ensure one branch is in charge at all times.

What determines how many members represent each state in the House of Representatives?

a.	the U.S. Census, a nationwide population count taken every ten years
b.	the U.S. Constitution, which assigned a fixed number of seats to each state
c.	apportionment, a system designed to keep the number of representatives at 435
d.	state tax revenues, which indicate how valuable a state’s voice is to the nation

What is the function of Congress in the federal government?

a.	Congress is the judicial branch, which enforces the nation’s laws.
b.	Congress is the legislative branch, which makes the nation’s laws.
c.	The judicial branch is led by Congress, which interprets the nation’s laws.
d.	The executive branch is led by Congress, which can veto the nation’s laws.

What is the vice president’s role in the legislative branch?

a.	As president of the Senate, he casts a vote only in case of a tie.
b.	As senator pro tempore, he votes on behalf of absent members.
c.	As president of the Senate, he chooses the day of the presidential election.
d.	As senator pro tempore, he represents the majority party’s view in debates.

Why is it difficult for Congress to override a veto?

a.	They would need to go against an executive order.
b.	They would have to get a judge to approve the bill.
c.	They would need to have a two-thirds majority vote.
d.	They would have to stick to a very strict timeframe.

The president can check the power of the legislative branch by

a.	vetoing a law.
b.	issuing an executive order.
c.	granting a pardon.
d.	petitioning Congress.

When the House of Representatives impeaches a president they

a.	pardon him of high crimes or misdemeanors.
b.	appeal to him to override a veto.
c.	vote to bring charges of serious crimes against him.
d.	permanently remove him from office.

What role does the Constitution assign to the judicial branch?

a.	giving legal advice
b.	interpreting the law
c.	writing new laws
d.	setting legal precedents

On what grounds can a federal court strike down a state or federal law?

a.	The law is unconstitutional.
b.	The law overlaps existing laws.
c.	The law goes against existing laws.
d.	The law repeats basic common sense.

10.

The First Amendment protects

a.	the right to a speedy and public trial.
b.	the right to keep and bear arms.
c.	freedom of religion, expression, and assembly.
d.	freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures.

11.

Which abuse inspired the inclusion in the Bill of Rights of the Fourth Amendment rule against “unreasonable searches and seizures”?

a.	the impressment of British naval officers discovered on U.S. ships during the Revolutionary War
b.	colonists’ being forced to have their belongings inspected for illegal goods by British soldiers
c.	court-ordered takeovers of property owned by farmers who were in debt due to high property taxes
d.	the confiscation of goods brought from the West Indies on the grounds that they were smuggled

12.

The Eighth Amendment protection against “cruel and unusual punishments” has sparked debate over what issue?

a.	abortion
b.	the draft
c.	gun-control
d.	capital punishment

13.

Bail protects the accused by allowing a defendant to

a.	be tried publicly by a jury of his or her peers.
b.	have a case tried in civil, not criminal, court.
c.	avoid staying in jail before and during a trial.
d.	seek the advice of an attorney after an arrest.

14.

The Ninth Amendment, which says that the rights listed in the Constitution are not the only rights of citizens, has allowed citizens to address which right?

a.	the right to a fair trial
b.	the right to education
c.	the right to due process
d.	the right to free assembly

15.

What privileges do legal immigrants have while in the United States?

a.	Once they reach 18, they can vote and hold most public offices.
b.	If they are under 35 and have worked in the United States for at least 2 years, they gain social security benefits.
c.	Once they reach 35, they can run for president or vice president.
d.	If they are at least18 years old and have spent 5 years in the United States, they can request to be naturalized as citizens.

16.

Why do American men 18 years old or older have to register with selective service?

a.	so the local court system can call on them to sit for jury duty
b.	so that state colleges can tell them about financial aid programs
c.	so the federal government can contact them in case of a draft
d.	so that state-based political campaigns can get them to vote

17.

Study the map below and answer the question that follows.

Based on the map, what can you conclude about the electoral college?

a.	New Mexico has a greater number of electoral votes than Kansas.
b.	Massachussetts has twice as many electoral votes as Vermont.
c.	The number of electors per state is not based on the physical size of the state.
d.	The number of electors per state is based on the size of the state’s population.

18.

Many Americans wanted George Washington to be president because he

a.	was seen as an honest leader.
b.	urged them to vote for him.
c.	passed the Judiciary Act of 1789.
d.	had a popular wife named Martha.

19.

The new federal government in America took actions that would set an example for the future. In George Washington’s words, these exemplary actions “will serve to establish a

a.	procedure.”
b.	precursor.”
c.	policy.”
d.	precedent.”

20.

In general, Congress created departments in the executive branch to address what type of policy?

a.	national policy
b.	foreign policy
c.	economic policy
d.	tax policy

21.

In 1790, how did Americans feel about the future of their new government?

a.	Their expectations were high because they trusted their leaders to protect their economic and security interests.
b.	They were uncertain because they didn’t know whether the democratic experiment would succeed.
c.	Their expectations were low because they questioned the president’s honesty and disliked the First Lady.
d.	They worried because they knew the nation was deep in debt from the Revolutionary War.

22.

Which statement best characterizes American farmers in 1790?

a.	They didn’t want government interfering in their daily lives.
b.	They took every opportunity to organize and participate in community events.
c.	They wanted to have their tax money distributed to those less fortunate.
d.	They refused to accept any law designed to protect them from foreign rivals.

23.

How did New York City represent the spirit of the nation in 1790?

a.	New York was a quiet city with a small population.
b.	The city recovered after being damaged during the revolution.
c.	New York was primarily a rural area covered with farms.
d.	The city was dependent on British rule.

24.

The national debt can best be defined as the amount of money owed

a.	to the nation by the nation’s citizens and by foreign countries.
b.	by the nation to foreign countries and the nation’s citizens.
c.	to the federal government by individual states.
d.	by the federal government to domestic debtors.

25.

People who buy items at low prices and hope to sell them for a profit are called

a.	investors
b.	representatives
c.	bondholders
d.	speculators

26.

On which of the following issues did Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson agree?

a.	how to address the national debt
b.	how to repay the value of bonds
c.	whether or not to move the capital
d.	whether or not to limit the federal government

27.

Alexander Hamilton’s vision of a robust economy depended on the contributions of business people and manufacturers, but Thomas Jefferson’s vision placed greater emphasis on

a.	teachers.
b.	farmers.
c.	merchants.
d.	doctors.

28.

Alexander Hamilton believed in a flexible interpretation of the Constitution while Thomas Jefferson believed in a

a.	loose construction.
b.	soft construction.
c.	strict construction.
d.	tight construction.

29.

“Loose construction” is best defined as the idea that the

a.	Constitution need not be interpreted in the context of the whole.
b.	federal government can take reasonable actions in special cases as long as they are not specifically forbidden by the Constitution.
c.	Constitution is flexible, enabling politicians to stretch it in order to deal with new situations.
d.	Constitution allows only necessary means to deal with new situations and should not be stretched merely because politicians find it convenient.

30.

George Washington’s statement that America would not take sides in disputes between warring European countries was called the

a.	Swiss Pact.
b.	Neutrality Proclamation.
c.	Peace Treaty of 1793.
d.	Teaty of Greenville.

31.

Some members of Congress criticized George Washington’s pronouncement about staying out of disputes between European countries because they felt

a.	the president was overstepping the bounds of his authority.
b.	there was a clear favorite in the dispute between France and Great Britain.
c.	it would be best for national security if the United States forged clear alliances with foreign nations.
d.	that the president was not knowledgeable enough to make decisions on foreign affairs.

32.

As secretary of state Thomas Jefferson criticized U.S. policy toward France because he

a.	disagreed with George Washington’s stance on foreign alliances because he was sympathetic toward France.
b.	believed the United States owed France support since France backed it during the Revolutionary War.
c.	wanted to undermine Alexander Hamilton’s pro-British stance and reduce his rival’s influence on the president’s foreign policy.
d.	was eager to quit his position in George Washington’s cabinet and saw the French issue as a convenient excuse.

33.

How did the Whiskey Rebellion end?

a.	Tax collectors tarred and feathered the rebels before Washington’s army arrived.
b.	The rebels hid their stores of whiskey before Washington’s army arrived.
c.	Most of the rebels fled before Washington’s army arrived.
d.	Most of the rebels formed a militia and battled Washington’s army.

34.

President Washington personally led the militia against the westerners in the Whiskey Rebellion because he believed

a.	individual farmers should have to pay off the national debt through taxes.
b.	the federal government was owed taxes for providing settlers with protection and opportunities for trade.
c.	people needed to understand the constitutional right of Congress to institute tax laws.
d.	the rebellion might spark similar incidents of violence.

35.

In his farewell address George Washington warned against

a.	observing good faith and justice towards all nations.
b.	burdening future generations with debt.
c.	establishing political unity within the nation.
d.	maintaining the institution of slavery.

36.

“The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred … from the obligation which justice and humanity impose on every nation … to maintain inviolate [unchanging] the relations of peace and amity [friendship] towards other nations.”

—George Washington, from his Farewell Address

Which statement accurately paraphrases George Washington’s views?

a.	Washington believed his plan was safest for the long run.
b.	Washington believed that the United States would be torn apart by political parties.
c.	Washington felt any just and humane nation would practice neutrality.
d.	Washington felt the United States would lose its freedom if it tolerated unfriendly neighbors.

37.

According to George Washington in his Farewell Address, what was the key to national success?

a.	political unity
b.	neutrality in foreign policy
c.	economic security
d.	checks and balances

38.

How was a vice president chosen in 1796?

a.	He ran alongside the presidential candidate.
b.	He was elected by popular vote.
c.	He was the presidential candidate who came in second.
d.	He was appointed by the president-elect.

39.

Who became vice president as a result of the 1796 election?

a.	Thomas Jefferson
b.	John Adams
c.	James Madison
d.	Alexander Hamilton

40.

During the presidency of John Adams, three French agents would discuss a treaty with the United States only in exchange for a bribe. The incident came to be known as the

a.	ABC Talks
b.	ABC Incident
c.	XYZ Event
d.	XYZ Affair

41.

The Alien and Sedition Acts were passed by the Federalists to

a.	protect the government from its critics.
b.	increase government power.
c.	imprison foreigners.
d.	punish French speakers.

42.

One way in which Thomas Jefferson’s supporters criticized Federalist candidate John Adams in the election of 1800 was by

a.	accusing Adams of wanting to ban organized religion.
b.	charging Adams with making a secret alliance with France.
c.	claiming Adams would give too much power to the individual states.
d.	hinting Adams would use the new permanent army to limit citizens’ rights.

43.

A voter in 1800 might have cast his ballot against the Democratic-Republicans for which of the following reasons?

a.	The Democratic-Republican candidate was a pro-British radical.
b.	The Federalist candidate was more likely to support agriculture.
c.	The Democratic-Republican candidate was a threat to organized religion.
d.	The Federalist candidate was a more influential speaker.

44.

Which Federalist policy did President Jefferson keep when he took office in 1801?

a.	domestic tax on whiskey
b.	Alien and Sedition Acts
c.	development of military forces
d.	creation of the Bank of the United States

45.

Thomas Jefferson lowered spending in order to repay the national debt. This policy arguably weakened the United States’ position in relation to the British because it

a.	abolished domestic taxes.
b.	eliminated the national bank.
c.	reduced the size of the active navy.
d.	limited the federal government to several hundred people.

46.

What is judicial review?

a.	the power of Congress to oversee decisions made by the Supreme Court
b.	the power of Congress to review the appointment of Supreme Court justices
c.	the power of the judiciary to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional
d.	the power of the judiciary to monitor the conduct of presidential elections

47.

Which of the following statements reflects the significance of Marbury v. Madison?

a.	It described the specific types of cases that could be brought before the Supreme Court.
b.	It established the Supreme Court’s power to check the other branches of government.
c.	It limited the Supreme Court’s effectiveness by requiring it to hear every case brought before it.
d.	It weakened the Supreme Court in relation to the White House and Congress.

48.

Which of the following brought about the increase in trade in New Orleans in the early 1800s?

a.	an economic boom and commercial upswing in Spain
b.	France’s threat to permanently shut down the port
c.	the annexation of four northeastern states to the Union
d.	Spain’s potential sale of the port to the United States

49.

Why was Spain eager to trade the Louisiana territory and New Orleans to France?

a.	Spain needed to focus on South American ports.
b.	It was impossible to keep Americans out of the area.
c.	American farmers were protesting against Spanish shipping policies.
d.	Native Americans in the territory had attacked Spanish settlements.

50.

Which of the following territories belonged to Spain until 1802?

a.	Indiana
b.	Mississippi
c.	Louisiana
d.	Michigan

51.

Napoléon Bonaparte decided to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States because he

a.	wanted U.S. support for a war against Spain.
b.	thought the land would be set aside for Native Americans.
c.	needed to reinforce the French military in the war against the British.
d.	wished to build a new empire in North America.

52.

The Lewis and Clark expedition was undertaken in order to explore the Louisiana Purchase, to learn about the plants and animals of the West, and to

a.	provide Americans with their first accounts of the Northwest.
b.	establish the Corps of Discovery.
c.	form alliances with American Indian tribes.
d.	attempt to find a river route to the Pacific Ocean.

53.

Zebulon Pike’s exploration

a.	provided many Americans with their first account of the Northwest.
b.	helped outline the Louisiana Territory’s western border with New Spain.
c.	provided a full report of Spanish spying activities in the Louisiana Territory.
d.	inspired mountain climbers to explore the peaks of the Cascade Range.

54.

What was the effect of the Embargo Act passed by Congress in 1807?

a.	American ports were closed.
b.	International trade was banned.
c.	Trade with Britain was banned until Britain respected U.S. neutrality.
d.	Foreign imports were allowed, but U.S. exports came to an end.

55.

The Embargo Act failed because

a.	the Non-Intercourse Act limited its scope.
b.	the Federalist party rallied against it.
c.	it caused American merchants to lose money and had little effect on Britain and France.
d.	Spain replaced the loss of U.S. trade with increased trade in South America.

56.

In the opinion of the U.S. leaders, what was the last straw in Britain’s breach of U.S. neutrality during the British-French conflict?

a.	The British attacked and looted the warship USS Constitution.
b.	The British stopped American ships to take deserted sailors back by force.
c.	British sailors who had run from their naval duties boarded American ships.
d.	British refused to pay tariffs on products from the United States.

57.

U.S. officials were worried by Tecumseh’s actions because they feared he

a.	wanted to break the Treaty of Greenville.
b.	might have created an Indian confederation.
c.	was backed by the British.
d.	could have turned the Americans against the government.

58.

Britain decided to support Native Americans against the United States mainly to

a.	protect Native American culture
b.	reduce westward expansion in the United States
c.	boycott trade with the United States
d.	control U.S. activities from within the country

59.

How did Britain’s military forces gain strength in April of 1814?

a.	The Queen ended an expedition to South Africa and ordered the ships to the U.S. coast.
b.	Britain defeated France and sent more troops to America.
c.	France released British war prisoners who were soon added to the military ranks.
d.	There was a major decline in the number of American volunteers.

60.

The first thing the British did after their ranks were reinforced in April of 1814 was attack the city of

a.	New Orleans.
b.	Baltimore.
c.	Washington, D.C.
d.	New York.

61.

Why was the victory in the Battle of New Orleans important for the United States?

a.	It ended the attacks from Native Americans.
b.	It prevented the British from taking control of the Mississippi River.
c.	It was the last major sea battle against Britain.
d.	It was the first major victory against Britain in the War of 1812.

62.

Which of the following statements about the War of 1812 is true?

a.	It worsened the conflict between the North and the South.
b.	It intensified American Indian resistance to Americans.
c.	It strongly damaged American manufacturing.
d.	It strengthened patriotism among Americans.

63.

Why was the Hartford Convention ineffective?

a.	The Federalists had lost their political power.
b.	Congress.deemed the convention to be illegal.
c.	The war ended before the delegates could reach Washington.
d.	Their political rivals accused Federalists of supporting England.

64.

Why did both British Canada and the United States want control over Oregon Country?

a.	They wanted to gain access to the Pacific Ocean.
b.	They were interested in the region’s valuable fur trade.
c.	They were interested in the region’s fertile lands and good climate.
d.	They wanted to patrol the section of Canada’s border that ran through the region.

65.

The Convention of 1818 affected the boundaries of the United States by

a.	establishing a border between the United States and Canada extending to the Rocky Mountains.
b.	giving the United States control of the natural resources and waterways of Oregon Country.
c.	expanding the boundaries of the United States further west by opening up Texas.
d.	granting Florida to the United States, along with full control of the Atlantic Coast.

66.

What settlement did the United States and Spain reach in the Adams-Onís Treaty?

a.	The United States would receive the Missouri Territory from Spain in return for parts of the Oregon Country.
b.	The United States would receive control of East Florida from Spain in return for U.S. claims to what is now Texas.
c.	Spain would make Texas an independent territory.
d.	Spain would pay $5 million to the United States.

67.

What caused conflicts in the early 1800s between the United States and the Seminole Indian tribe of Florida?

a.	The tribe refused to leave Florida and attacked U.S. military posts.
b.	The tribe had refused to support U.S. efforts in the War of 1812.
c.	The tribe aided Spain in its conquest of Florida.
d.	The tribe raided U.S. settlements and aided runaway slaves.

68.

The Monroe Doctrine affected U.S. relations with Europe by

a.	allowing European nations to continue to colonize U.S. territories with the permission of the United States.
b.	giving the United States permission to take over any territories previously occupied by a European nation.
c.	preventing the United States from interfering with any future conflicts or wars between European nations.
d.	eliminating U.S. control of territories that had previously been owned by European nations.

69.

Why did American leaders support Latin American struggles for independence from Spain in the early 1820s?

a.	Latin America nations had supported the United States during the American Revolution.
b.	The struggles of Latin American nations reminded U.S. leaders of their country’s fight for independence.
c.	The United States hoped to colonize Spain.
d.	Spain was acting against the Monroe Doctrine.

70.

The primary goal of Henry Clay’s American System was to

a.	prevent foreign wars from affecting the United States.
b.	industrialize the smaller towns in the United States.
c.	create a sense of nationalism in the United States.
d.	make the United States economically independent.

71.

Why were some members of Congress against using federal funds to build roads, canals, and railroads in the United States?

a.	They felt that the U.S. transportation system did not need improvement.
b.	They felt that the United States could not afford to make the improvements.
c.	They believed that funding such improvements was unconstitutional.
d.	They believed that funding such improvements would create regional conflicts.

72.

The decisions in the cases of McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden strengthened the feeling of national unity in the United States by

a.	reinforcing the power of the federal government.
b.	regulating interstate commerce.
c.	strengthening pride in state governments.
d.	permitting all Americans to use the same currency.

73.

Study the map below and answer the question that follows.

Which part of the United States did not allow slavery in 1820?

a.	southeast
b.	southwest
c.	northeast
d.	northwest

74.

Which of the following was a consequence of the Missouri Compromise?

a.	Missouri entered the Union as an independent territory.
b.	The practice of slavery was pronounced unconstitutional.
c.	Free states won a majority in the House of Representatives.
d.	An equal balance between free and slave states was maintained.

75.

During the 1820s, sectionalism grew in the United States. Sectionalism is when

a.	citizens develop increased feelings of pride and devotion to their nation.
b.	politicians disagree over the interests of different regions.
c.	the federal government places a group on a reservation to prevent conflict.
d.	a state breaks off from a nation and declares its independence.

76.

What was Henry Clay’s role in the Missouri Compromise?

a.	He tried to persuade members of Congress to veto it.
b.	He did not agree with the conditions of the original compromise and revised it.
c.	He refused to participate in the compromise and challenged its merit.
d.	He convinced Congress to accept the compromise.

77.

How did the Missouri Compromise contribute to the eventual abolition of slavery?

a.	It banned the use of slaves in all federal government facilities.
b.	It gave representatives of free states a permanent advantage in Congress.
c.	It prohibited slavery in states and territories north of Missouri’s southern border.
d.	It allowed abolitionists to distribute propaganda in the Missouri legislature.

78.

The winner in the presidential election of 1824 was chosen by the

a.	majority of voters.
b.	electoral college.
c.	Supreme Court.
d.	House of Representatives.

79.

Why did the presidential election of 1824 cause controversy?

a.	The president was chosen by the Senate.
b.	President Adams was soon convicted for corruption.
c.	John Adams was accused of making a corrupt bargain with Henry Clay.
d.	Secretary of State Clay had made secret agreements with Andrew Jackson.

80.

What literary style did writer Washington Irving make popular in the United States in the early 19th century?

a.	epic poetry
b.	historical fiction
c.	autobiography
d.	satire

81.

Why are the works of James Fenimore Cooper so significant to American literary history?

a.	He created works that inspired people to expand westward in the United States.
b.	He created works that connected European traditions and new American traditions.
c.	He popularized satire, a humorous style of writing that aims to instruct and educate its readers.
d.	He popularized historical fiction, a type of writing that places fictional characters in actual historical settings.

82.

Washington Irving’s “Rip Van Winkle” is an example of which message in his work?

a.	Life should be lived in the moment.
b.	Learn from the past and be cautious about what the future holds.
c.	The future is brighter than the present.
d.	Fate decides the future and any attempts to change it are in vain.

83.

The writings of Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper inspired painters in the United States to

a.	show the history and natural beauty of America in their work.
b.	include traditional European styles in their work.
c.	focus on portraits of ordinary Americans.
d.	choose subjects that challenged American ideals.

84.

The Hudson River school was

a.	school for writers located near the Hudson River valley.
b.	group of artists whose paintings reflected national pride and an appreciation for the American landscape.
c.	school for portrait painters located in the Hudson River valley.
d.	group of poets inspired by the beauty of the Hudson River valley.

85.

How did the subjects of American paintings of the 1840s differ from those of the 1830s?

a.	They focused on the landscapes alone.
b.	They focused on combining landscapes with scenes from daily life.
c.	They focused on portraiture.
d.	They focused on recreating scenes from the American Revolution.

86.

Which of the following statements explains Thomas Cole’s contribution to early American art?

a.	He gained fame as a portrait painter and introduced new styles and techniques to American artists.
b.	He inspired artists to forget about following rules and to create works that expressed America’s originality.
c.	He recognized the democratic spirit of the people of America and encouraged artists to focus on everyday life.
d.	He encouraged artists to appreciate the unique qualities of the American landscape and to show the beauty of nature.

87.

What new images were represented in George Caleb Bingham’s paintings in the 1840s?

a.	European elements in American culture
b.	the growth of American cities
c.	the difficult lives of traders
d.	nocturnal landscapes

88.

The popular American folk song “Hunters of Kentucky,” about the Battle of New Orleans, expressed the 1800s’ spirit of

a.	nationalism.
b.	sectionalism.
c.	religious revivalism.
d.	frontier adventurism.

89.

What are spirituals?

a.	nationalistic anthems
b.	folk hymns
c.	medieval church songs
d.	Native American prayers

90.

In the early 1800s, how were the new American culture’s views on education reflected by education reforms?

a.	The new American culture held the belief that education was mainly for the wealthy, so many boarding schools were founded.
b.	The new American culture was a democracy that needed educated and informed citizens to survive, so public schools were supported.
c.	The new American culture was interested in training people to enter the workforce, so value was placed on learning a trade.
d.	The new American culture held the belief that people should be educated regardless of sex, so co-educational schools were founded.

91.

Which issue caused disagreement among educators in the 1830s?

a.	coeducation
b.	funding
c.	integration
d.	school prayer

92.

Nominating conventions contributed to the expansion of democracy in the United States in the 1820s by

a.	drawing media attention to the election.
b.	allowing people to become more active in politics.
c.	granting women and African Americans the vote.
d.	increasing the presidential candidate’s popularity.

93.

Which of the following statements is an example of how voting rights were expanded in the early 1800s?

a.	Maryland set religious qualifications for voters.
b.	Some states extended suffrage rights to more white males.
c.	Party leaders began to nominate their parties’ candidates.
d.	Massachusetts granted one-half of a vote to each literate freedman.

94.

What was the “spoils system” practiced by newly-elected president Andrew Jackson?

a.	damaging the reputations of one’s political opponents
b.	celebrating one’s victory over a period of months
c.	raising the wages of one’s staff after a victory
d.	rewarding supporters by giving them government jobs

95.

Study the quotation below and answer the question that follows.

“What a scene did we witness! … a rabble, a mob, of boys … women, children, scrambling, fighting, romping … But it was the people’s day, and the people’s President, and the people would rule.”
—Margaret Bayard Smith, quoted in Eyewitness to America, edited by David Colbert

This eyewitness account describes the

a.	rebellion of common people against a privileged president.
b.	excitement surrounding a popular new president’s inauguration.
c.	mad dash of presidential supporters scrambling for government jobs.
d.	somber occasion of a lame duck president’s last day in office.

96.

Who was one of Andrew Jackson’s strongest allies in his official cabinet?

a.	John C. Calhoun
b.	Daniel Webster
c.	Martin Van Buren
d.	William Henry Harrison

97.

Northerners opposed the federal government’s sale of public land at cheap prices in the early 1800s because it

a.	attracted unskilled immigrants to the North to settle.
b.	encouraged potential laborers in the North to migrate west.
c.	lured slaveholding plantation owners to move from the South.
d.	increased competition between the North and the South.

98.

Northerners supported tariffs in the early 1800s because tariffs helped them compete with

a.	British merchants.
b.	Southern agriculturalists.
c.	British manufacturers.
d.	Southern manufacturers.

99.

In the early 1800s southerners opposed tariffs because tariffs

a.	decreased the price of the goods they needed.
b.	angered their European trading partners.
c.	benefited only northern merchants.
d.	were higher in the South than in the North and West.

100.

What effect did the Tariff of Abominations have on Andrew Jackson’s America?

a.	It fostered the nation’s hatred of British companies.
b.	It fueled growing sectional differences within the country.
c.	It helped the West, which did not rely on international trade.
d.	It favored the South’s agriculture-based economy.

101.

In the early 1800s the frontier West

a.	relied heavily on trade with Britain.
b.	suffered from low property values.
c.	struggled in a climate that often damaged crops.
d.	lacked services such as roads and water transportation.

102.

Arguments over which issue sparked the nullification crisis?

a.	states’ rights
b.	the Tariff of Abominations
c.	economic depression
d.	bank operations

103.

The nullification crisis was a dispute over the power of the

a.	states to secede from the Union.
b.	states to reject unconstitutional federal laws.
c.	federal government to end tariffs.
d.	federal government to favor one region over another.

104.

The economic policies adopted by President Jackson before the Panic of 1837

a.	decreased inflation.
b.	privatized state banks.
c.	lowered the national debt.
d.	hurt expansion in the West.

105.

How did Andrew Jackson set the stage for later economic trouble?

a.	He caused inflation by having state mints print an oversupply of paper state-bank notes.
b.	He caused inflation by moving funds to state banks that gave credit to settlers in the West.
c.	He raised the national debt by moving the national bank’s funds to banks that invested in Britain.
d.	He raised the national debt by spending money on lands that the government already owned.

106.

What contributed to Martin Van Buren’s success in the presidential election of 1837?

a.	the popularity of his stand against a domineering presidency
b.	the successful economic policies of his predecessor
c.	the inability of the opposing party to decide on one candidate
d.	the confidence inspired by his past as an army general

107.

What caused the severe economic depression of the Panic of 1837?

a.	President Jackson’s unsuccessful economic policies
b.	Congress’s veto of the creation of a national bank
c.	President Harrison’s excessive investments in the military
d.	President Van Buren’s inability to gain support from the Whig Party

108.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs was a

a.	congressionally-approved office established to protect the ways of Native Americans.
b.	federal agency created to manage the removal of Native Americans to the West.
c.	federal agency designed to negotiate with Creek and Chickasaw Indians.
d.	group established by the Mississippi legislature to track Native American deaths.

109.

Where was Indian Territory?

a.	east of the Mississippi River
b.	south of the Blue Ridge Mountains
c.	present-day Oklahoma
d.	present-day Arkansas

110.

How did the Cherokee people resist removal to Indian Territory?

a.	They adopted the contemporary culture of white Americans.
b.	They traded tribal goods for knives, guns, and other weapons.
c.	They brought a case against the state to a federal court.
d.	They published a newspaper directed toward federal officials.

111.

Based on the example of U.S. government policy toward the Cherokee, why was the United States’ political leadership in such a hurry to uproot the American Indian population?

a.	The promise of resources like gold on tribal grounds outweighed any commitments to American Indian land rights.
b.	The removal of American Indians was politically popular at a time when fearful citizens were migrating west.
c.	Property for farming grew expensive as it became scarce and Americans wanted an opportunity to buy cheap land.
d.	Urban centers struggled with a growing population and city dwellers longed for the freedom of open spaces.

112.

Chief Black Hawk was the leader of the

a.	Fox and Sauk who decided to fight U.S. officials rather than leave Illinois.
b.	Seminole who called upon his tribe to resist removal and wound up dying in prison.
c.	Cherokee who persuaded his tribe to appeal to the U.S. Courts instead of using violence.
d.	Chickasaw who negotiated a treaty to get more supplies for the trip to Indian Territory.

113.

What helped push the American fur trade to move westward in the early 1800s?

a.	Fur companies wiped out the beaver population in the East in their effort to meet European demand for the popular “high hat.”
b.	The American Fur Company sent mountain men to the West in its effort to beat competitors from Europe and the East.
c.	Fur trappers called “mountain men” wanted to be the first to map western territory and asked the American Fur Company to sponsor their journey.
d.	Native American trappers from the Pacific Northwest were acclaimed for their skill and eastern companies wanted to know their secrets.

114.

Who were mountain men?

a.	western fur traders and trappers
b.	supporters of low tariffs on fur
c.	eastern settlers who poured into Oregon Country
d.	western explorers who mapped the Rocky Mountains

115.

Which practice caused Mormons to be persecuted in the 1850s?

a.	the ritualistic slaughter of animals
b.	marriage to more than one wife
c.	the belief in more than one god
d.	morning prayer in public schools

116.

Study the quotation below and answer the question that follows.

[It is America’s] manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole continent which Providence [God] has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty…”

In these words by writer John O’Sullivan, what does the phrase “manifest destiny” mean?

a.	clear choice
b.	obvious fate
c.	people’s future
d.	humanity’s goal

117.

Who were the Californios?

a.	California ranchers
b.	California missionaries
c.	colonists living in California
d.	Native Americans living in California

118.

Which description fits the group of people known as “forty-niners”?

a.	gold-seekers from America and abroad who migrated to California
b.	middle-aged married men with previous gold-mining experience
c.	individual prospectors of California gold-mining sites
d.	Mexicans and South Americans who immigrated to find gold

119.

Placer mining is the

a.	search for gold by washing gravel.
b.	excavation of underground tunnels for gold.
c.	search for places likely to have gold.
d.	examination of a mineral to see if it is gold.

120.

The Industrial Revolution is best defined as a

a.	period of rapid growth during which machines became essential to industry.
b.	series of explosive encounters between workers and wealthy factory owners.
c.	time of great excitement about mechanical approaches to controlling Nature.
d.	period of turmoil and upheaval within the United States government.

121.

How did the water frame revolutionize the production of cloth?

a.	It increased the number of threads the home spinner could work with.
b.	It increased the pace of production in textile mills but made cloth more costly.
c.	It shifted the location of production from homes to textile mills.
d.	It raised the level of quality of home-spun cloth.

122.

Who was the man responsible for bringing new textile machines to the United States?

a.	Samuel Slater
b.	Moses Brown
c.	Richard Arkwright
d.	James Hargreaves

123.

What was Eli Whitney’s influence on American manufacturing?

a.	He designed a way to produce inexpensive clocks.
b.	He served as President Adams’ secretary of war.
c.	He came up with the idea of interchangeable parts.
d.	He argued that all manufacturing should be done by hand.

124.

What did textile manufacturers do to keep the costs of running a mill low?

a.	cut back on the maintenance of machinery
b.	hired children and paid them very little
c.	trained apprentices in exchange for decades of labor
d.	fed workers instead of paying wages in cash

125.

The “Rhode Island system” was Samuel Slater’s strategy of

a.	hiring families of workers and dividing factory work into simple tasks.
b.	paying workers in company-store credit and reinvesting cash in the business.
c.	building houses for workers in exchange for the promise of company loyalty.
d.	hiring unmarried women and designing dual-purpose factory equipment.

126.

What was a trade union?

a.	organization of workers who tried to improve pay and working conditions for members
b.	collection of workers who appealed to the courts and police for assistance against employers
c.	group of workers who arrived from poor countries and were willing to work for low pay
d.	alliance of workers who wanted to prevent their employers from competing with other manufacturers

127.

Why were most early strikes by union members unsuccessful?

a.	They did not make clear demands to managers.
b.	Workplace conditions were not very bad.
c.	The courts and the police did not take their side.
d.	They had not formed an alliance with craftspeople.

128.

Two new forms of transportation invented during the Transportation Revolution were the

a.	steam-powered train and the steamboat.
b.	horse-drawn railcar and the motorboat.
c.	covered wagon and the sailboat.
d.	automobile and the clipper ship.

129.

What was the Tom Thumb and why was it significant?

a.	It was a sewing machine that prevented housewives from pricking their fingers.
b.	It was a steamboat that brought thousands of settlers upriver to the Ohio Valley.
c.	It was a ferry that was the first to transport commuters across the Hudson River.
d.	It was a locomotive that was credited with bringing “railroad fever” to the United States.

130.

How did the Transportation Revolution affect America’s farming industry?

a.	Settlers plowed up prairies and cut down trees to make farmland out of the Midwest.
b.	Farmers were forced to sell their New England farms to logging companies that needed to plant trees.
c.	Farmers were required to give up portions of their fields out West to make way for new railroad lines.
d.	New steel equipment and machinery put many family farmers out of work.

131.

The telegraph was significant because it

a.	enabled people to send news quickly from coast to coast.
b.	led to the invention of the railroad system.
c.	benefited from the work of international scientists.
d.	made its inventor a very wealthy and famous man.

132.

How did technological developments during the Industrial Revolution enable people to build factories almost anywhere?

a.	Trains could bring raw materials to and ship finished goods from virtually any area worth living in.
b.	The shift to steam power meant factories no longer had to be built near streams, rivers, or waterfalls.
c.	Trains and steamboats spread the population out so that any factory had a ready supply of workers.
d.	The invention of the telegraph put factory managers and their city-based investors within easy reach.

133.

In the mid-1800s, most of America’s industry was located in the

a.	Northeast.
b.	South
c.	West.
d.	Midwest.

134.

John Deere came up with the idea for a/an

a.	iron plow.
b.	steel plow.
c.	wood plow.
d.	steam-powered plow.

135.

The mechanical reaper, a machine that quickly cuts down wheat, was invented by

a.	Cyrus McCormick.
b.	John Deere.
c.	Eli Whitney.
d.	Samuel Morse.

136.

How did the inventions of the plow and the reaper help the farming industry?

a.	They allowed customers to buy on credit.
b.	They caused cities to become the center of industrial growth.
c.	They allowed farmers to plant and harvest huge crop fields.
d.	They made farmers rich by selling them to businesses.

137.

French writer Alexis de Tocqueville said that the contributions made by the Industrial Revolution made American life more

a.	unhappy.
b.	convenient.
c.	routine.
d.	complicated.

138.

By 1860, Isaac Singer’s company was the world’s largest maker of

a.	clocks.
b.	iceboxes.
c.	safety pins.
d.	sewing machines.

139.

In the mid-1800s, companies began to mass-produce earlier inventions. What effect did this have on families?

a.	They could buy items they could not afford in the past.
b.	They could store fresh food safely for longer periods.
c.	Their everyday lives became more complicated.
d.	Families began creating their own inventions.

Completion
Complete each statement.

140.

_________________________ divides government so that no one branch of government can become too powerful. (separation of powers/federalism)

141.

The _______________________ branch determines whether or not laws are constitutional. (judicial/executive)

142.

The _______________ can be best defined as the amount of money owed by the nation to foreign countries and to the nation’s citizens. (gross domestic product/national debt)

143.

A ________________________ adds tax to the price of imported goods to shield domestic products from foreign competition. (protective tariff/value added tax)

144.

George Washington’s statement that America would not take sides in disputes between warring European countries was called the _____________________.
(Great Compromise/Neutrality Proclamation)

145.

In the hotly contested election of 1800, supporters of _____________________ claimed that a Thomas Jefferson presidency would bring the chaos of the French Revolution to America. (John Marshall/John Adams)

146.

_______________________’s exploration provided many Americans with their first account of the Southwest. (Zebulon Pike/Lewis and Clark)

147.

___________________ is the practice of forcing people to serve in the army or navy. (Embargo/Impressment)

148.

In 1810, the governor of Indiana Territory urged ___________________ to follow the Treaty of Greenville, which had been signed in 1795. (Tecumseh/ the Prophet)

149.

The ___________________________ was an official statement released by the president in 1822 that warned European powers not to interfere with the Americas. (Missouri Compromise/Monroe Doctrine)

150.

The first road built by the United States government was known as the ____________________________. (Cumberland Road/Chicago Turnpike)

151.

The _______________________ ran from Albany to Buffalo, New York, and allowed people and goods to travel quickly by water between towns on the East Coast. (Superior Canal/Erie Canal)

152.

___________________________ won the presidential election of 1824. (John C. Calhoun/John Quincy Adams)

153.

____________________________’s chances of winning the presidential election of 1828 rose because his heroism during the war made him popular with voters. (Andrew Jackson/John Quincy Adams)

154.

During Andrew Jackson’s presidency ________________ supported the kind of policies that helped their region. Those policies boosted the farming economy and encouraged further settlement. (westerners/southerners)

155.

Arguments over a national tariff sparked the _________________ crisis, during which the state of South Carolina threatened to separate from the United States. (secession/nullification)

156.

______________________ of Massachusetts opposed nullification for the sake of national unity. (Daniel Webster/Robert Y. Hayne)

157.

The American Fur Company bought skins from western fur traders and trappers who came to be known as __________________. (mountain men/empresarios)

158.

The practice of polygamy caused ______________ to be persecuted in the 1850s. (Mormons/Catholics)

159.

Texans suffered a striking defeat by the Mexican army in the battle of ______________________. (the Alamo/San Jacinto)

160.

“Obvious fate” is another way of saying ____________________________. (apparent future/manifest destiny)

161.

American expansionists cried “Fifty-four forty or fight!” in reference to the line to which they wanted _________________ to extend. (their northern territory/the Gadsden Purchase)

162.

In the presidential election of 1844, _____________________ of Tennessee was chosen to run by the _________________ Party. (James K. Polk, Democratic/Henry Clay, Whig)

163.

With the ____________________, the U.S. government was able to buy the southern parts of what is now Arizona and New Mexico for $10 million. (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo/Gadsden Purchase)

164.

_____________________ were gold-seekers from America and abroad who migrated to California. (Gold rushers/Forty-niners)

165.

The construction of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869 helped _______________________ create a strong economy. (Californians/Texans)

166.

A ________________________ was an organization of workers with a specific skill or from a single factory who tried to improve pay and working conditions for members. (trade union/guild)

167.

________________ fought to bring the 10-hour work-day of public employees to employees of private businesses. (Richard Arkwright/Sarah G. Bagley)

168.

________________________ was a Supreme Court case about interstate trade. (Gibbons v. Ogden/Dred Scott v. Sandford)

169.

Samuel Morse’s invention of the _____________________ enabled people to send news quickly from coast to coast. (telephone/telegraph)

Matching

Match each item with the correct statement below.

a.	Judiciary Act of 1789
b.	Pinckney’s Treaty
c.	Alien and Sedition Acts
d.	XYZ Affair
e.	Jay’s Treaty
f.	Bank of the United States

170.

settled disputes between the United States and Britain that arose in the early 1790s

171.

settled border and trade disputes between the United States and Spain

172.

bribery scandal that caused Federalists in Congress to call for war with France

173.

Congress enacted its charter in February 1791 to make the economy more stable

174.

established the federal court system and the location of the courts

175.

passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress in 1798 to crush opposition to war

Match each item with the correct statement below.

a.	Tecumseh
b.	Battle of New Orleans
c.	Zebulon Pike
d.	Sacagawea
e.	Andrew Jackson

176.

army officer who helped outline the Louisiana Territory’s western border with New Spain

177.

Shawnee Indian leader who worked to unite Indian tribes against U.S. expansion

178.

commanded U.S. forces in the Battle of New Orleans

179.

the last major conflict of the War of 1812

180.

Shoshone Indian who assisted the Lewis and Clark expedition

Match each item with the correct statement below.

a.	sectionalism
b.	nationalism
c.	Simon Bolívar
d.	Missouri Compromise
e.	Thomas Cole
f.	Convention of 1818
g.	James Fenimore Cooper
h.	Washington Irving

181.

treaty between Britain and the United States that allowed both countries to occupy the Pacific Northwest together

182.

American writer whose work combined European influences with American settings and characters

183.

agreement made in 1820 that attempted to settle conflicts over the extension of slavery into new territories

184.

American writer known for writing stories about the West and popularizing the historical fiction genre

185.

feeling of loyalty and pride to a nation

186.

founder of the Hudson River school

187.

leader of the Latin American struggles for independence

188.

putting the interests of a region over the interests of the nation