8th Grade Final Review

Name:

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Which of the following factors contributed to the Boxer Rebellion?

a.	poor treatment of foreigners by Chinese leaders
b.	the breaking of the alliance between Russia and China
c.	Chinese nationalists’ anger at foreign involvement in the country
d.	American socialism and its effects on China

Which territory was annexed by the United States because of the economic value of its sugarcane plantations?

a.	Alaska
b.	the Midway Islands
c.	Hawaii
d.	Samoa

The United States sought to open Japan’s trade markets in the mid-1800s because the United States

a.	saw a chance to sell telegraph and railroad equipment to the Japanese.
b.	wanted to establish military bases in Japan.
c.	wanted to be ahead of the Europeans in securing trade agreements with Japan.
d.	believed that trade with Japan would lead to trade with China.

To say that foreign countries seized spheres of influence in China means that they

a.	were allowed to trade with China.
b.	gained control of resources of in specific areas of China.
c.	openly supported Chinese political parties.
d.	had secret agreements with the Chinese government.

The Open Door Policy stated that

a.	Germany could trade freely with Great Britain.
b.	all nations should have equal access to trade with China.
c.	France could trade freely with Russia.
d.	all nations should have equal access to trade with Japan.

Imperialism is a

a.	system where there is no private property.
b.	government run by the people.
c.	system of empire building by founding colonies or conquering other nations.
d.	method of ruling similar to communism.

As part of the Cuban constitution, the Platt Amendment

a.	limited Cuba’s right to make treaties and increased the ability of the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs.
b.	forced U.S. troops to withdraw from Cuba and required the United States to sell any land it had bought by 1934.
c.	sold San Juan Hill to the United States for a $20 million payment.
d.	modeled the Cuban legislature after the U.S. Congress.

The Anti-Imperialist League stood against the

a.	Spanish colonial empire.
b.	territorial expansion of the United States.
c.	independence movements in the Latin America.
d.	independence of Puerto Rico from the United States.

Emilio Aguinaldo was a

a.	Filipino rebel leader who took control of the Philippine capital, Manila, with the help of U.S. reinforcements.
b.	general in charge of Spain’s Pacific fleet, which was defeated by Commodore George Dewey’s ships in Manila Bay.
c.	Spanish Ambassador to the United States who proposed a truce as the United States began its attack on the Spanish Caribbean fleet.
d.	Filipino journalist who wrote detailed newspaper accounts of the Rough Riders’ heroism during the Spanish-American War.

10.

The peace treaty between the United States and Spain after the Spanish-American War placed which territory under U.S. control, along with the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba?

a.	Haiti
b.	Guam
c.	Burma
d.	Ghana

11.

President Woodrow Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to Mexico in 1916 to

a.	seize the rebel city of Veracruz.
b.	protect a German ship carrying weapons.
c.	lead the attack against dictator Porfirio Díaz.
d.	catch the rebel leader Francisco “Pancho” Villa.

12.

More than 120,000 Mexicans immigrated to the United States from 1905 to 1915 to

a.	escape the violence of the Mexican Revolution.
b.	avoid political persecution.
c.	seek employment.
d.	avoid jail sentences.

13.

Which of the following was a cause of the Mexican Revolution?

a.	mass immigration to the United States
b.	poverty and landlessness
c.	the harsh rule of a dictator
d.	the dominance of American business

14.

One obstacle to the construction of the Panama Canal was the

a.	spread of malaria and yellow fever.
b.	frequent attacks by Panamian insurgents.
c.	lack of food and water for the workers.
d.	opposition of France, a major competitor.

15.

Which European nation formed an alliance with France in 1893 in which each nation promised to protect the other if it was attacked?

a.	Russia
b.	Austria-Hungary
c.	Germany
d.	Bosnia

16.

In the 1800s nationalism

a.	brought instability to Germany.
b.	inspired people who shared a language or culture to unite politically.
c.	prevented the First World War.
d.	allowed foreign leaders to directly influence American opinion.

17.

The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand affected Europe

a.	keeping people from enlisting in the army.
b.	causing an economic crisis.
c.	leading Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia.
d.	breaking the alliance between Russia and France.

18.

A stalemate is a situation in which

a.	two countries must break their alliances.
b.	no side can win a decisive victory.
c.	a victor is declared.
d.	no side is able to launch an attack.

19.

In the early 1900s, France, Russia, and Britain were known as the

a.	Central Powers.
b.	Southern Powers.
c.	Allied Powers.
d.	Northern Powers.

20.

What finally brought the United States into World War I, ending its policy of neutrality?

a.	U.S. investment in Allied nations, which amounted to $2 billion, and which would be lost if the Central Powers won the war
b.	the German attack on the British passenger liner Lusitania, in which 128 Americans were killed
c.	the German attack on the French passenger ship Sussex, in which four Americans were killed
d.	discovery of the Zimmermann Note, in which Germany promised to give Mexico parts of the United States if Mexico allied itself with Germany

21.

Americans bought Liberty bonds during World War I to help

a.	U.S. manufacturers build warships and airplanes.
b.	families make up for wages lost when their men went to war.
c.	U.S. soldiers who were fighting in France.
d.	the Allied war effort in the form of billions of dollars in loans.

22.

Study the quotation below and answer the question that follows.

We had our first air-raid work last night. I was the night driver on duty . . . Some bombs fell very near just as I got to the hospital . . . when shrapnel whizzed past my head and there was a tremendous crash close beside . . . Then an ambulance call came and I tore off.”

—Mrs. Guy Napier-Martin, quoted in
The Overseas War Record of the Winsor School, 1914–1919

What does this quotation from an American woman serving as an ambulance driver on the western front illustrate about women in World War I?

a.	They participated in combat.
b.	They risked their lives to care for the wounded.
c.	They turned against the war as a result of what they witnessed.
d.	They secretly enjoyed the danger.

23.

Which of the following was a factor leading to a shortage of labor in the United States during World War I?

a.	American factories were working nonstop to provide weapons and supplies for the Allied forces, and they needed new workers to meet this huge demand.
b.	Women were not allowed to take the place of male workers because women were not allowed to work more than a 40-hour week.
c.	Many of the young men who would normally have taken factory jobs went off to Europe after 1917 to protest the war.
d.	Immigrants who had provided a steady source of factory labor were not available because they had returned to their native countries.

24.

The government of the United States increased food supplies for the troops by

a.	issuing a tax on food supplies.
b.	encouraging citizens to eat less wheat and meat.
c.	planting “victory gardens” on federal property.
d.	buying huge amounts of crops at discount prices.

25.

Why did Americans grow their own "victory gardens" at home after the United States joined World War I?

a.	Food became much more expensive during the war.
b.	The men who would have been farming were drafted.
c.	It allowed more farm crops to go to soldiers at the front.
d.	It was a way of showing their support for the troops.

26.

The purpose of the Liberty bonds issued by the U.S. government before World War I was to

a.	relieve the tax burden on working families.
b.	suppress anti-war propaganda.
c.	support the allied intervention in the war.
d.	aid in the reconstruction of European cities.

27.

What event in early 1918 gave Germany new hope of winning the war?

a.	Food riots and deserting troops were becoming more and more common in France.
b.	The U.S. military postponed the deadline for sending troops into combat.
c.	Russia signed a peace treaty with the Central Powers and withdrew from the war.
d.	The German army won a major victory at the Second Battle of the Marne.

28.

When General John J. Pershing and the American Expeditionary Force under his command arrived in Europe he demanded that his trrops

a.	take over all fighting in France.
b.	be supplied with the latest weapons.
c.	receive three months of training.
d.	be outfitted in new uniforms and boots.

29.

The convoy system helped the Allies at sea by

a.	making German troops vulnerable to Allied attacks.
b.	allowing the Allies to infiltrate enemy trenches with air missiles.
c.	helping the Allies encode and send messages that the Germans could not crack.
d.	enabling destroyers to escort and protect groups of Allied merchant ships.

30.

What led Kaiser Wilhelm II to give up his throne and flee to the Netherlands?

a.	Austria-Hungary’s peace agreement with the Allies, and starvation and rioting in Germany
b.	Bulgaria’s strong desire to attack the U.S. army
c.	the capture of Germany's big guns by Allied troops
d.	the huge number of dead and wounded German soldiers

31.

The Treaty of Versailles was signed by representatives of the United States, France, Britain, and

a.	Germany.
b.	Italy.
c.	Russia.
d.	Belgium.

32.

When the United States entered World War I, General John J. Pershing insisted that the American Expeditionary Force

a.	fight as a separate army.
b.	join French and British units.
c.	hire only experienced volunteers.
d.	enter the conflict as soon as possible.

33.

Conflict over which issue led to the failure of the Treaty of Versailles in the U.S. Senate?

a.	U.S. military commitment to the League of Nations
b.	the amount of reparations Germany should have to pay
c.	ending secret agreements between the United States and its allies
d.	removing trade barriers between the United States and Europe

34.

Which of the following was one of the costs of World War I?

a.	America had borrowed a lot of money from France and Great Britain, and was now in debt.
b.	The deaths of millions of people and great financial disaster affected many parts of Europe.
c.	Losing the war caused food riots and starvation in Russia.
d.	State and local governments were forced to impose quarantines.

35.

President Woodrow Wilson was such an important U.S. leader because he

a.	was awarded a Purple Heart for his bravery during World War I.
b.	served as a powerful general in the Civil War.
c.	won the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in founding the League of Nations.
d.	did not support the Treaty of Versailles.

36.

One of the goals of President Wilson’s Fourteen Points was to

a.	create secret alliances.
b.	reduce free shipping.
c.	increase the size of armies and navies.
d.	resolve colonial claims.

37.

The influenza outbreak of 1918 was considered an epidemic because the disease

a.	affected an extremely large number of people at the same time.
b.	spread through the air, quickly and unknowingly.
c.	stumped medical experts, who found no vaccine and no cure.
d.	doubled the death rate in large urban centers.

38.

When American soldiers arrived in Europe in 1917, the

a.	Russians were advancing against Germany.
b.	Allies were dangerously near defeat.
c.	Germans were retreating from Paris.
d.	Allies were pummeling the German Navy at sea.

39.

What plan of President Harding’s was called the "trickle-down theory" by his opponents?

a.	tax cuts for the working poor that would give them more money to buy goods, stimulating the economy
b.	plans to reform the government at the highest level that would end political corruption in the cities
c.	tax cuts for wealthy Americans that were supposed to stimulate investment in business and create jobs
d.	federal investment in business, including subsidies for businesses to keep them hiring

40.

President Warren Harding defined "normalcy" as

a.	a return to prewar isolationism.
b.	stability and prosperity.
c.	an end to political corruption.
d.	big business and small government.

41.

What caused prices for goods to rise so much after World War I?

a.	The costs of raw materials increased dramatically.
b.	Manufacturers held back goods from sale to drive prices up.
c.	Stores found they could easily overcharge returning soldiers.
d.	People rushed to buy goods they could not get during the war.

42.

Why did trade with Europe increase under President Coolidge despite higher tariffs on foreign goods?

a.	Europe wanted to show its loyalty to the United States.
b.	Europe needed to rebuild its economy after the war.
c.	Tax cuts for American exporters decreased the costs of trade.
d.	Tax cuts for wealthier Americans encouraged trade with Europe.

43.

What strategy helped Calvin Coolidge win the presidential election in 1924?

a.	running on the slogan "Keep Cool with Coolidge," which won over young voters
b.	firing all officials who had been involved in the Harding administration scandals
c.	promoting price regulations to provide aid to farmers, which won over progressives
d.	focusing on relations with Europe, Asia, and Africa to prevent another world war

44.

How did the rise of the auto industry affect the American economy in the 1920s?

a.	A record number of Americans were inspired to buy other labor-saving devices.
b.	Millions of workers took jobs making steel, rubber, and glass for car parts.
c.	A record number of Americans spent billions of dollars on life insurance.
d.	Millions of workers asked for raises to pay off their car loans.

45.

How was Henry Ford able to make his Model Ts affordable for most Americans?

a.	He received government subsidies that kept production costs down.
b.	He invented an assembly line that enabled him to produce cars quickly and cheaply.
c.	He instituted a 12-hour workday, thereby increasing the number of cars made.
d.	He rewarded hard workers with car vouchers, thereby boosting morale and productivity.

46.

How did fundamentalism affect society in the 1920s?

a.	Urban areas were blamed for society's problems by inhabitants of small towns.
b.	It supported the teaching of science, which led to a better education in schools.
c.	It called attention to important issues such as race, equality, and religion.
d.	Children were taught how to conduct themselves in a more mature manner.

47.

One way the Ku Klux Klan terrorized African Americans was by

a.	taking them into fields and lynching them.
b.	writing racist letters to the government.
c.	working them to death without pay.
d.	having them thrown out of the country.

48.

The effects of Prohibition included

a.	strained relations with Canada, because so much illegal alcohol entered the United States across the Canadian border.
b.	more expensive home-made alcohol, such as moonshine, which was sold in speakeasies.
c.	the rise of organized crime, as gangs became more powerful with the money they obtained from selling illegal weapons.
d.	increased government corruption, as local police and politicians took bribes from gangsters to ignore the movement and sale of alcohol.

49.

Clarence Darrow saw the Scopes trial as a conflict over freedom of speech, but William Jennings Bryan saw it as a conflict between

a.	Christians and non-Christians.
b.	science and faith.
c.	science and American values.
d.	Communists and Christians.

50.

The Red Scare of the 1920s was fueled by the fear that

a.	another world war might begin.
b.	Communist ideas might spread in the United States.
c.	Italian immigrants might start illegal businesses.
d.	workers’ strikes might take a violent turn.

51.

Some thought that Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti had been victims of xenophobia because they were

a.	poor.
b.	Catholic.
c.	anarchists.
d.	foreign immigrants.

52.

American religious fundamentalism of the 1920s can be defined as a/an

a.	atheist socialist movement.
b.	radical Protestant movement.
c.	reformist Catholic movement.
d.	evolutionist Lutheran movement.

53.

1927 was a fundamental year in the history of motion pictures because it brought the first

a.	color film.
b.	film with sound.
c.	full-length feature film.
d.	still-frame animation.

54.

What inspired the creation of blues music?

a.	Duke Ellington's “big band” sound
b.	the suffering of African Americans during slavery
c.	West African rhythms
d.	the anti-lynching poems of Claude McKay

55.

One effect of the rise of mass culture in the 1920s was that it

a.	allowed Americans across the country to share common experiences.
b.	diverted attention from politics to entertainment.
c.	helped Americans preserve regional differences and traditions.
d.	emphasized the difference between country and city life.

56.

The aim of the American Relief Administration headed by Herbert Hoover was to

a.	raise funds for the veterans.
b.	raise funds for war hospitals.
c.	send help to war-widows and orphans.
d.	send food and supplies to war-torn Europe.

57.

The 1920s were referred to as the Roaring Twenties because of the

a.	booming economy and exciting forms of entertainment.
b.	explosion in the popularity of jazz music.
c.	Southern influence on the era.
d.	reference to the decade as such in The Great Gatsby.

58.

Some American writers of the 1920s called the "Lost Generation" because they

a.	returned to Paris where most of them were originally from.
b.	expressed feelings of separation from American society.
c.	appreciated the Jazz Age and its rebellious youth culture.
d.	expressed the pain of racism experienced by African Americans.

59.

The main reason Herbert Hoover was elected by a large majority of votes was that he

a.	was a veteran of World War I.
b.	promised to continue the economic boom.
c.	was destined to be the first Catholic president.
d.	ran a campaign that focused on city dwellers.

60.

Expatriates are people who

a.	voluntarily leave their home country to live elsewhere.
b.	were former slaves but are now free.
c.	were forced to leave America.
d.	welcome immigrants into their native land.

61.

Why did the drop in stock prices in October 1929 ultimately lead the stock market to crash?

a.	Investors who feared that they would fail to pay off loans panicked, selling off all their stocks.
b.	Business leaders began selling off shares in their own companies, panicking investors.
c.	Banks refused to issue credit to middle-class investors, causing demand for stocks to plummet.
d.	The stock market shut down for one week, leading furious investors to cash in their stocks.

62.

The up-and-down pattern of the economy is known as the

a.	see-saw effect.
b.	business cycle.
c.	trade gap.
d.	peak-trough model.

63.

How did the stock market crash cause a business crisis?

a.	Businesses lost their savings in failed banks and had to close or cut back.
b.	Businesses that had lent money to foreign countries were not paid back.
c.	Businesses could afford supplies but had no workers to make the goods.
d.	Businesses were forced to cut back production but could not fire workers.

64.

Who did President Hoover believe should lead the relief effort during the Great Depression?

a.	the federal government
b.	foreign allies
c.	state and local governments
d.	private individuals and institutions

65.

What was the outcome of the election of 1932?

a.	Roosevelt won by a landslide and Democrats won strong majorities in both houses of Congress.
b.	Roosevelt won by a small margin and the balance in both houses of Congress stayed the same.
c.	Roosevelt won in the electoral college but Hoover won the majority of popular votes.
d.	Roosevelt won after Hoover, having said that his prospects of winning were dark, forfeited the race.

66.

In 1932 Herbert Hoover warned Americans that the Democrats' promises of government aid would lead to the

a.	introduction of socialism to the United States.
b.	continuation of the Depression.
c.	weakening of Americans’ spirit of self-reliance.
d.	weakening of the United States in the eyes of its allies.

67.

Americans regained faith in the banks after President Roosevelt signed the
Emergency Banking Relief Act into law because the act

a.	allowed only healthy banks to remain open, so people believed that banks that passed the act's requirements really were sound.
b.	gave people the right to withdraw all their money at any time without a penalty or waiting period.
c.	authorized the federal government to immediately deposit $1 billion in banks to guarantee peoples' deposits.
d.	required the federal government to pay back in full the customers of any bank that failed.

68.

As an historical figure, what was Frances Perkins’ significance?

a.	She was the nation’s first Secretary of Labor.
b.	She was the nation’s first female cabinet member.
c.	She solved the unemployment problem by developing the New Deal.
d.	She brought the nation close to the president by developing the fireside chats.

69.

Critics who thought the New Deal went too far claimed which of the following?

a.	The government ought to nationalize the country's wealth and natural resources.
b.	The new laws gave the president too much authority.
c.	The enormous expansion of the federal government was a step toward communism.
d.	The high cost of the new programs would lead to higher taxes on the poor.

70.

Of the following, who publicly criticized the New Deal for not going far enough?

a.	Father Charles Edward Coughlin of Detroit
b.	First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt
c.	members of the conservative American Liberty League
d.	Huey Long’s assassin, Carl Weiss

71.

Whom did the government tax in order to pay for the Social Security Act?

a.	the elderly
b.	workers and employers
c.	doctors and lawyers
d.	the rich

72.

What did critics charge against Roosevelt’s attempt to "pack the court"?

a.	He was going to put every New Deal law in jeopardy.
b.	He was violating the Judiciary Act of 1789.
c.	He was blurring the separation of powers required in a democratic republic.
d.	He was trying to shift the balance of power defined in the U.S. Constitution.

73.

What problems did President Roosevelt have with the Supreme Court?

a.	The court would not give him adequate funding for the New Deal programs.
b.	He directly accused the Supreme Court of causing the stock market crash.
c.	The court issued a bill declaring many New Deal programs unconstitutional.
d.	He was not given the chance to nominate new Supreme Court justices.

74.

What was one way in which many families coped with the Great Depression?

a.	They split up while individual members roamed the country in search of work.
b.	They had their children take after-school jobs.
c.	They left the country in search of a better life in Europe.
d.	They inflated the prices of goods produced on their farms.

75.

The Roosevelt White House demonstrated its support for equal rights by

a.	refusing to support the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR).
b.	appointing Mary McLeod Bethune and other African Americans.
c.	paying for Marian Anderson’s concert at the Lincoln Memorial.
d.	allowing First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt to influence policy.

76.

WPA writers contributed to Depression-era culture by

a.	cataloguing information about thousands of American murals and sculptures, and the artists who made them.
b.	conducting interviews with Americans from different backgrounds and keeping a permanent record.
c.	presenting their work at public schools across America and influencing the next generation.
d.	composing poetry to be placed in public buses and on trains, and published by the Library of Congress.

77.

Which of the following art forms did WPA artists popularize in America?

a.	swing music and movies
b.	cowboy ballads, folk songs, and spirituals
c.	beat poetry and short stories
d.	murals, sculptures, and mobiles

78.

What was the major theme present in both Woody Guthrie's songs and John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath?

a.	the hardships of slavery
b.	the deceit of the upper class
c.	loss and struggle
d.	racism and poverty

79.

On which point about the New Deal would people today agree?

a.	It was responsible for ending the Great Depression.
b.	It weighted the balance of power toward the judiciary.
c.	It greatly expanded the role of the American government.
d.	It set African American rights back half a century.

80.

Why did Hitler direct his anger towards intellectuals, Communists, and Jews in the 1930s?

a.	They wrote the Treaty of Versailles, which forced Germany to make war reparations.
b.	He blamed them for Germany's economic depression and its defeat in World War I.
c.	They opposed the National Socialist Party, keeping it from winning a majority in Parliament.
d.	He was fearful they would band together and start another world war.

81.

Totalitarianism is a political system in which the government

a.	has one monarch that rules the country.
b.	controls every aspect of citizens' lives.
c.	is a combination of socialism and fascism.
d.	elects religious leaders to rule the country.

82.

The policy of avoiding war with an aggressive nation by giving into its demands is called

a.	blitzkrieg.
b.	brinksmanship.
c.	Luftwaffe.
d.	appeasement.

83.

What is one way that World War II affected the American economy?

a.	The unemployment rate skyrocketed.
b.	Factories ran twenty four hours a day producing military supplies.
c.	The effects of the Depression became more severe.
d.	Agricultural production suffered because there were fewer consumers.

84.

The U.S. Selective Training and Service Act of 1940

a.	oversaw the conversion of factories to war production.
b.	was the first peacetime draft in the country's history.
c.	allowed Americans to serve in foreign countries.
d.	required both men and women to serve in the army.

85.

In 1942, the War Production Board (WPB)

a.	drafted millions of soldiers to fight in the U.S. Army.
b.	banned the production of cars so that auto plants could make military equipment.
c.	produced ships, tanks, jeeps, guns, and ammunition.
d.	ferried planes between factories and air bases for use by women pilots.

86.

What happened in the zoot-suit riots?

a.	Mexican Americans went on strike.
b.	White mobs attacked Mexican Americans.
c.	Soldiers protested against Mexican Americans.
d.	Mexican Americans rioted in protest of discrimination.

87.

What Tuskegee Airman later became the first African American general in the U.S. Air Force?
a.

a.	Philip Randolph
b.	Benjamin O. Davis
c.	Dorie Miller
d.	Stokely Carmichael

88.

Why were Japanese Americans interned during World War II?

a.	U.S. intelligence showed that they aided the invasion of the West Coast.
b.	Many Japanese Americans were serving as secret agents for Japan.
c.	Most Japanese Americans planned to return to their ancestral homeland.
d.	U.S. citizens and the government viewed them with suspicion and fear.

89.

Sonar technology helped the Allied war effort during World War II by

a.	helping Allied pilots avoid anti-aircraft fire when they flew daytime bombing raids over Germany.
b.	helping Allied ships find and destroy German U-boats.
c.	allowing Allied pilots to fly bombing raids at night, when targets were normally invisible to pilots.
d.	allowing long-range Allied planes to drop bombs in France.

90.

Which tactic was part of President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill's strategy to defeat the Axis Powers?

a.	placing "Asia first"
b.	building up troops in Great Britain to invade France
c.	attacking Italian forces in West Africa
d.	aiding Japan in the fight against China.

91.

The Battle of Stalingrad affected the rest of World War II by

a.	causing the Axis powers to retreat from the Soviet Union, and turning the tide of the war in the East.
b.	boosting the morale of Soviet troops, and leading them to take control of Germany later in the war.
c.	giving the Allies time to plan an attack on France.
d.	forcing Stalin to command his troops to surrender.

92.

What American general was forced to retreat from the Philippines in March 1942?

a.	Hideki Tojo
b.	Chester Nimitz
c.	Louis Ortega
d.	Douglas MacArthur

93.

Which of the following was a key battle of the Pacific?

a.	Battle of El Alamein
b.	Battle of Midway
c.	Battle of Lexington
d.	Battle of the Emerald Pools

94.

Kamikaze pilots were different from other military pilots in that they

a.	underwent extensive flight training in Japan.
b.	purposefully crashed their planes into enemy ships.
c.	were equipped with the latest in weapons technology.
d.	each descended from an ancient line of warriors.

95.

What was the strategy behind the last German offensive at the Battle of the Bulge?

a.	German forces would circle northwest of the Allied lines and attack Paris, driving the Allies into German troops in eastern France.
b.	German forces would attack the Allied lines head-on and hope to force a surrender.
c.	German forces would drive through a weak spot in the Allied lines and capture the city of Antwerp, Belgium.
d.	German forces would attack Italy, drawing Allied forces away from France and leaving Paris open to attack and recapture.

96.

What was the Holocaust?

a.	the Nazis' attempt to exterminate the entire Jewish population of Europe
b.	Hitler's attempt to overthrow the United States through military force
c.	the liberation of a country that had previously been Communist-controlled
d.	a German military strategy of controlling key portions of land

97.

What is genocide?

a.	the extermination of a nation's political opponents
b.	the extermination of an entire group of people
c.	the deportation of a nation's political opponents
d.	the deportation of an entire group of people

98.

Why did the Japanese finally surrender on September 2, 1945?

a.	American forces dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki, immediately killing 22,000 Japanese people.
b.	The United States threatened to drop an atomic bomb on the capital city of Tokyo.
c.	American forces dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, killing almost 80,000 people immediately.
d.	The Japanese realized that they had no chance of winning the war without support from Germany.

99.

Which of these was an agreement reached at the Yalta Conference that one of the participating leaders violated?

a.	Stalin would allow free elections in Eastern European nations under Soviet control.
b.	Nations liberated from Germany would have the right to create democratic institutions independently.
c.	The creation of an international peacekeeping organization would be a postwar priority.
d.	The leaders would contribute an equal number of soldiers to a peacekeeping organization.

100.

Which of the following was a direct result of the Yalta Conference in 1945?

a.	the division of Germany into four zones
b.	the establishment of the United States as peacekeeper
c.	the emergence of a pro-Communist government in Berlin
d.	the retreat of the Soviet Army from the eastern front

101.

Study the quotation below and answer the question that follows.

“The wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish have been so calculated, so malignant and devastating, that civilization cannot tolerate their being ignored because it cannot survive their being repeated.”

—Attorney General Robert H. Jackson, on the Nuremberg Trials

According to Attorney General Jackson, the main purpose of the Nuremberg Trials was to

a.	figure out what factors led to the Holocaust genocide.
b.	prevent a genocide like the Holocaust from happening again.
c.	allow Holocaust survivors to see the Nazis come to justice.
d.	reward the Holocaust survivors with the creation of the state of Israel.

102.

What was the original purpose of the United Nations?

a.	hunger abatement
b.	conflict resolution
c.	terror prevention
d.	disaster relief

103.

Presidential adviser Bernard Baruch probably called America’s relationship with the Soviet Union a “cold war” because the

a.	Soviets fought the United States by freezing prices.
b.	conflict would not be as intense as World War II.
c.	Soviet Union and the United States were enemies, but no official war took place.
d.	both countries were developing nuclear weapons using cold fusion.

104.

By applying the strategy of containment, the United States hoped to prevent the

a.	emergence of an economic crisis in postwar Europe.
b.	return of Nazi ideas to postwar Germany.
c.	expansion of the Soviet Union’s influence around the world.
d.	spread of nationalism from China to the rest of Asia.

105.

The Truman Doctrine was the policy of

a.	loaning money to Western European countries recovering from war.
b.	developing nuclear weapons to prepare for a Soviet attack.
c.	airlifting food and supplies to countries under Communist rule.
d.	sending aid to countries such as Greece to help them fight communism.

106.

The United States and Britain responded to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin by

a.	airlifting supplies to residents.
b.	stopping trade with the U.S.S.R.
c.	threatening to start a war.
d.	negotiating with the Communists.

107.

Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947 to

a.	control post-war inflation.
b.	protect civil rights.
c.	outlaw communist meetings.
d.	weaken labor unions.

108.

What did Eleanor Roosevelt do to change the role of the first lady?

a.	acted as a public figure
b.	campaigned for her husband
c.	had no children
d.	ran for Congress

109.

Why was the Communist takeover of China during World War II a defeat for U.S. foreign policy?

a.	U.S. diplomats had encouraged the alliance between the Nationalist and Communist Parties after World War I.
b.	U.S. troops had been fighting on the side of the Nationalists against the Communists.
c.	The United States had supported the cause of the Nationalists in the fight for control of China.
d.	The United States had tried to get the Soviet Union to promise it would not support communism in China.

110.

How was the relationship between the Communist and Nationalist Parties in China after World War II similar to the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union?

a.	They had joined forces against a common enemy, but turned against each other after World War II.
b.	They were building weapons to use against each other, but not engaging in open war.
c.	They had violated the terms of an agreement made between them during World War II.
d.	They were constantly suspicious that those around them might be spies for the opposite side.

111.

The nation of Korea was controlled by

a.	an independent government before World War II, and divided between China and the United States after the war.
b.	Japan before World War II, and divided between the Soviet Union and the United States after the war.
c.	the United States before World War II, and divided between China and Japan after the war.
d.	China before World War II, and divided between an independent government and the Soviet Union after the war.

112.

What happened to prevent a quick U.S. victory in Korea?

a.	General MacArthur suggested an attack on mainland China, but President Truman refused permission.
b.	Just when it seemed North Korea would be successfully invaded, China sent hundreds of thousands of soldiers across the border to join the North Korean army.
c.	Because of illness, General MacArthur resigned his command of UN forces, and President Truman recalled him to the United States.
d.	When it seemed North Korea would be successfully invaded, the Soviet Union sent hundreds of thousands of soldiers across the border to join the North Korean army.

113.

The Korean War ended in 1953 with

a.	Soviet troops in place to guard the North Korean border.
b.	China pulling out its troops and ending its support for North Korea.
c.	the defeat of North Korea, which pulled back farther north.
d.	North and South Korea once again divided near the 38th parallel.

114.

Dwight D. Eisenhower said the first task of his administration would be to

a.	build a hydrogen bomb
b.	end the Korean War
c.	put a stop to inflation
d.	root out Communist spies

115.

Many of the Hollywood actors accused of having Communist ties in the late 1940s were

a.	arrested.
b.	blacklisted.
c.	fined.
d.	deported.

116.

Study the quotation below and answer the question that follows.

“If none of us ever read a book that was ‘dangerous,’ nor had a friend who was ‘different,’ or never joined an organization that advocated ‘change,’ we would all be just the kind of people Joe McCarthy wants. Whose fault is that? Not really [McCarthy’s]. He didn’t create this situation of fear. He merely exploited it, and rather successfully.”

In this quotation, journalist Edward R. Murrow accused Senator Joseph McCarthy of

a.	persecuting his own political supporters.
b.	resisting cultural change in America.
c.	convicting citizens of crimes without proof.
d.	taking advantage of a frightened nation.

117.

Other than his brutal bullying of witnesses, what brought down Senator Joseph McCarthy in 1954?

a.	Alleged “Communists” called to testify refused to do so.
b.	Wisconsin voters refused to reelect McCarthy, who lost his seat in the Senate.
c.	McCarthy hinted that President Eisenhower himself was sheltering Communists.
d.	McCarthy charged that there were Communists in the U.S. Army.

118.

The “duck and cover” drills of the 1950s show Americans’ fear of

a.	artificial satellites.
b.	a hydrogen bomb attack.
c.	acid rain.
d.	terrorist attacks.

119.

What did the U.S. government fear the Soviet Union would do after the launch of Sputnik in 1957?

a.	launch missiles at America from space
b.	use satellite technology to spy on America from space
c.	be the first nation to land on the moon, beating America
d.	access secret American space technology

120.

What is brinkmanship?

a.	the willingness to come close to war to stop the spread of communism
b.	an economic system based on an “every man for himself” theory
c.	a policy of stopping countries from setting up satellite states
d.	unceasing loyalty to one’s country in any situation

121.

Many American businesses in the 1950s moved to the

a.	East Coast states, where international trade thrived.
b.	northeastern states, where cities were located.
c.	midwestern states, where there was room to build.
d.	southern and western states, where tax rates were low.

122.

What was the focus of the federal urban renewal program?

a.	encouraging community-owned urban businesses
b.	discouraging families from moving to the suburbs
c.	improving city services and urban housing
d.	decreasing federal funding for highway construction

123.

What is one reason why many American women were dissatisfied with the postwar years?

a.	People expected them to complete their educations even if they had no career goals.
b.	There were not enough jobs to go around once male veterans returned to the work force.
c.	Teen rebellion made them feel that their roles in life had little meaning.
d.	Society seemed to assume that a woman’s principal role was as housewife and mother.

124.

Some journalists of the 1950s labelled rock’n’roll as

a.	phony.
b.	immoral.
c.	outdated.
d.	snobbish.

125.

The bebop style invented by musicians such as Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie was a

a.	danceable swing.
b.	variation of gospel.
c.	fast-paced, complex form of jazz.
d.	sentimental version of rock’n’roll.

Completion
Complete each statement.

126.

___________________________________ proposed a new constitution that would return power to the Hawaiian monarchy, causing a revolt. (Queen Liliuokalani/High Chiefess Kaahumanu)

127.

The Hawaiian king was forced to sign the _____________________________, which increased the power of the planter-controlled legislature. (Bayonet Constitution/Platt Amendment)

128.

After this U.S. battleship exploded in Havana Harbor, “Remember the __________!” became a rallying cry for angry Americans. (Maine/Alamo)

129.

________________________ arrived in Japan in 1853, and a year later convinced the Japanese to open trade with the United States. (Commodore Matthew Perry/Millard Fillmore)

130.

In May 1915 a German U-boat sank the _____________________, a British passenger liner. (Astor/Lusitania)

131.

Money from the sale of _____________________________ provided billions of dollars in U.S. loans to the Allies. (Liberty bonds/Unity stocks)

132.

On June 28, 1914, __________________________, heir to the throne of ___________________________, was killed by a 19-year-old Serb nationalist. (Archduke Francis Ferdinand, Austria-Hungary/Franz Josef, Germany)

133.

Because of a labor shortage during World War I, U.S. factories hired more than a million ___________. (women/non-union workers)

134.

Woodrow Wilson’s ________________ was a list of specific proposals for postwar peace. (Fourteen Points/State of the Union speech)

135.

_____________________________ won the 1920 presidential election with his call for a return to “normalcy.” (Warren G. Harding/James M. Cox)

136.

Calvin Coolidge became president when President Harding suddenly __________________________ in 1923. (died/resigned)

137.

Staring in the 1920s, commercial ___________________ stations began to broadcast all over the United States. (television/radio)

138.

Charles Lindbergh dominated national news in 1927 when he completed the first ___________________________ across the Atlantic Ocean. (nonstop solo flight/solo flight without instruments)

139.

____________________ became famous for painting the American Southwest, the deserts of which stood in stark contrast to city life. (Edward Hopper/Georgia O’Keeffe)

140.

People who could not afford to buy stocks at full price bought them _______________________, which means they bought the stocks on credit with loans. (on margin/on their honor)

141.

The Great Depression was characterized by the longest ______________ in the history of the U.S. economy. (inflation/recession)

142.

Father Charles Edward Coughlin eventually opposed Roosevelt’s New Deal and proposed that Roosevelt ___________________ the country’s wealth and natural resources. (nationalize/privatize)

143.

Local leaders and unions in California convinced the government to deport many ____________________________ workers. (Asian/Mexican)

144.

John Steinbeck’s famous novel ____________________ tells the story of a family of farmers forced to move west in search of work. (The Grapes of Wrath/Of Mice and Men)

145.

In 1935 Italian dictator Benito Mussolini tried to expand Italy’s territory by attacking the nation of ____________________ and making it a colony. (Ethiopia/Algeria)

146.

The ______________________ were African-American pilots who flew thousands of successful combat missions in North Africa and Italy. (Tuskegee Airmen/P-40 Bombers)

147.

Executive Order 9066 allowed the government to begin the process of _________________, or forced relocation and imprisonment, of Japanese-Americans. (deportation/internment)

148.

After the United States destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers at the Battle of ___________________, Admiral Nimitz said Pearl Harbor had been partially avenged. (Midway/the Bulge)

149.

The Battle of _________________________ in the Philippines was the largest naval battle in history. (Leyte Gulf/the Coral Sea)

150.

In April 1943, Jewish people in the ____________________________ rose up against the Germans, and it took nearly a month for the Nazis to crush the uprising. (Warsaw Ghetto/Treblinka death camp)

151.

When President Roosevelt died in April 1945, _____________________________ became president. (George Patton/Harry S. Truman)

152.

The new foreign policy the United States developed to deal with the Cold War was based on the theory of ________________. (containment/brinkmanship)

153.

General MacArthur was removed from command of U.S. forces in ____________________ because he kept criticizing Truman’s refusal to let him attack ____________________. (South Korea, mainland China/Pusan, Inchon)

154.

_________________ was a complex jazz style often played very quickly. (Bebop/Boogie)

155.

Some critics of the suburbs complained that suburban life was too heavily based on _____________________. (racism and exclusion/consumer culture)

True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

156.

The Teller Amendment, which was in effect until 1934, required Cuba to sell or lease land to the United States.

157.

Howard Taft promoted a policy called dollar diplomacy that urged Latin American countries to adopt U.S. currency.

158.

The cause of the explosion of the USS Maine has never been determined.

159.

The Boxers, known in Chinese as the Fists of Righteous Harmony, were defeated by the intervention of the Chinese army.

160.

The United States managed to rid the Panama Canal route of malaria before contruction began.

161.

The Anti-Imperialist League claimed that newly acquired territories such as Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico should be granted the right of self-government.

162.

The Allied Powers included France, Russia, Britain, and Italy.

163.

Vladimir Lenin made the decision to pull Russia out of World War I.

164.

Nearly one million soldiers were killed at Verdun and the Somme, but these two battles had no effect on the western front.

165.

The Selective Service Act of 1917 drafted able-bodied men ages twenty-one to thirty into the U.S. armed forces.

166.

Representatives of Russia and the Central Powers were given minor roles at the Paris Peace Conference, and were granted only a brief time to voice their ideas for the peace treaty.

167.

The National War Labor Board, set up in 1918, banned strikes during wartime, resulting in more than one million striking workers losing their jobs.

168.

Henry Ford allowed installment plans so that his employees could buy Ford cars at the price it cost to make them.

169.

In the 1920s high school attendance fell as young people flocked to the cities to take advantage of high-paying jobs and the nightclubs of the new youth culture.

170.

The Red Scare began in April 1919 when U.S. postal workers found bombs hidden in packages addressed to famous Americans and assumed Communists had sent them.

171.

The Eighteenth Amendment put an end to the prohibition era.

172.

The 1920s became known as the Roaring Twenties because of the thousands of new automobiles filling the streets with their loud, banging engines.

173.

Trumpeter Louis Armstrong invented the jazz solo, when one musician steps out from the band to play alone.

174.

Economics depressions were common occurrences in the United States before 1929.

175.

One of Roosevelt's first goals upon taking office was to restore the American public's faith in the stock market.

176.

WPA musicians went into the nation’s big cities to record the traditional music of hundreds of immigrants.

177.

It is generally agreed that the New Deal expanded the role of the federal government.

178.

Hitler violently overthrew the elected German chancellor in 1933 and quickly seized all government power.

179.

The zoot-suit riots occurred in June 1944 when Mexican-American farm workers attacked groups of sailors who jeered at them.

180.

Half of the Japanese Americans held in U.S. camps during the war were children.

181.

The Soviets fought to hold on to Stalingrad even after Josef Stalin told them to abandon the city and go to Kursk to reinforce the army there.

182.

One of the biggest problems in the United States after World War II was inflation.

183.

Many members of the Republican Party did not support Truman in the 1948 presidential election because of his support for civil rights laws.

184.

The first hydrogen bombs were dropped by the United States during World War II.

185.

Many American women were frustrated in the 1950s by the expectation that they would give up their jobs as soon as they got married.

Matching

Match each item with the correct statement below.

a.	Teller Amendment
b.	Liliuokalani
c.	Platt Amendment
d.	William C. Gorgas
e.	Theodore Roosevelt
f.	John J. Pershing
g.	Joseph Pulitzer
h.	William Randolph Hearst
i.	William H. Seward
j.	William Howard Taft
k.	William McKinley
l.	Emilio Aguinaldo

186.

warned that in cases of wrongdoing by Latin American countries, the United States might exercise international police power

187.

introduced dollar diplomacy, the practice of influencing governments through economic intervention

188.

stated that the United States had no interest in taking control of Cuba

189.

military general ordered by President Wilson to capture Francisco “Pancho” Villa in Mexico

190.

publisher whose newspaper printed a letter from a Spanish official that called President McKinley a weak leader

191.

limited Cuba’s right to make treaties and allowed the United States to get involved in Cuban affairs

192.

published sensational stories that led to American support for Cuba

193.

arranged the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867

194.

Filipino rebel leader who took control of the Philippine capital, Manila, with the help of U.S. reinforcements

Match each item with the correct statement below.

a.	Congress of Industrial Organizations
b.	Eleanor Roosevelt
c.	Frances Perkins
d.	Bonus Army
e.	Hundred Days
f.	John Steinbeck
g.	Dust Bowl
h.	Mary McLeod Bethune
i.	sit-down strikes
j.	Tennessee Valley Authority
k.	Woody Guthrie
l.	Charles Edward Coughlin

195.

period immediately after Roosevelt’s inauguration

196.

critic of the New Deal who wanted the government to nationalize the country’s wealth and natural resources

197.

African American educator appointed to the Roosevelt administration

198.

strategy of protest where workers occupy the factories they work in

199.

organization of veterans and their families who demonstrated in Washington, D.C. in 1932

200.

wrote songs of loss and sorrow during the Depression

201.

Secretary of Labor and first female cabinet member

202.

region of the Great Plains that was hit by a severe drought in the early 1930s

203.

welcomed African-American and Hispanic members, as well as women and immigrants

204.

built dams and generators to bring electricity and jobs to poor communities

Match each item with the correct statement below.

a.	kamikaze
b.	Lend-Lease Act
c.	Battle of Stalingrad
d.	Harry S. Truman
e.	A. Philip Randolph
f.	Battle of El Alamein
g.	Benito Mussolini
h.	Battle of the Bulge
i.	Omaha Beach
j.	genocide
k.	appeasement
l.	Daniel K. Inouye

205.

fascist Italian leader who allied with Hitler to form the Axis Powers

206.

organized a march on Washington in 1941 to demand equal pay for black workers

207.

counterattack launched by Germans after the D-Day invasion

208.

tactic of purposely crashing piloted planes into enemy ships

209.

battle in Soviet Union during which German forces froze or starved to death

210.

policy of avoiding war with an aggressive nation by giving in to its demands

211.

president who ordered use of atomic bombs on Japan

212.

extermination of an entire group of people

213.

D-Day landing site where almost 3,000 Allied soldiers were killed or wounded

214.

policy allowing the United States to aid any nation vital to its defense